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\u00a0 \u00a0 Farat e ringjalljes shpirt\u00ebrore, t\u00eb mbjellura n\u00eb shekullin e m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm, lul\u00ebzuan n\u00eb Rusi. Kisha vazhdonte t\u00eb jetonte n\u00ebn zot\u00ebrimin e shtetit. Nd\u00ebrsa Kisha ishte n\u00ebn kontrollin dhe censur\u00ebn e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb shtet\u00ebrore, dhe ndon\u00ebse nuk ekzistonte nj\u00eb patrik ose nj\u00eb sinod kishtar i \u00e7do lloji gjat\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebtij shekulli, jeta e besimit vazhdoi t\u00eb tregonte vetveten me madh\u00ebshti n\u00eb jet\u00ebt e shenjtor\u00ebve, misionar\u00ebve dhe teolog\u00ebve rus\u00eb dhe tek shkrimtar\u00ebt e koh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 Shenjti m\u00eb i madh rus i shekullit, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb quajtur shenjti m\u00eb i madh n\u00eb historin\u00eb e Kish\u00ebs Ruse, ishte Sh\u00ebn Serafimi i Sarovit (v. 1833). Sh\u00ebn Serafimi ishte nj\u00eb murg i cili q\u00ebndroi p\u00ebr nj\u00ebzet vjet n\u00eb vetmi dhe mbyllje t\u00eb plot\u00eb me nj\u00eb lutje intensive, agj\u00ebrim t\u00eb fort\u00eb dhe ushtrime shpirt\u00ebrore. N\u00eb 1825 ai i hapi dyert e vendit ku ishte mbyllur, duke i p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetur besimtar\u00ebt q\u00eb vinin tek ai me g\u00ebzimin e ndritsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Krishtit t\u00eb ngjallur dhe t\u00eb Shpirtit t\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebshillimet e tij shpirt\u00ebrore Sh\u00ebn Serafimi e identifikon q\u00ebllimin e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb krishter\u00eb si \u201cp\u00ebrvet\u00ebsimi i Shpirtit t\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb\u201d. Ai u kanonizua n\u00eb 1903.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 Et\u00ebrit m\u00eb t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm t\u00eb manastirit t\u00eb Optin\u00ebs q\u00eb jetonin n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishin: Leonidi (v. 1841); Makario (v. 1841); dhe Ambrozi (v. 1891). Ambrozi, s\u00eb bashku me Sh\u00ebn Tikonin e Zadonskit, mbahen t\u00eb jen\u00eb frym\u00ebzuesit e shkrimtarit t\u00eb madh t\u00eb krishter\u00eb t\u00eb asaj kohe, Fjodor Dostojevskit (v. 1861).\u00a0Brenda l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb ringjalljes shpirt\u00ebrore ishin edhe m\u00ebsuesit e jet\u00ebs dhe praktikave asketike t\u00eb Lutjes s\u00eb Jisuit, murgu-peshkop Ignati Brian\u00e7aninov (v. 1867), Theofan Govorov, i Mbylluri (v. 1894) q\u00eb shkroi v\u00ebllime t\u00eb shkrimeve shpirt\u00ebrore, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimin n\u00eb rusisht t\u00eb Filokalis\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb, u shfaq libri m\u00eb popullor mbi Lutjen e Jisuit nga nj\u00eb autor i panjohur rus,\u00a0 i quajtur Rruga e Pelegrinit.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit jetoi dhe punoi At Joan Sergiev i Kronshtadit (v. 1908). At Joani ishte nj\u00eb prift famullie, dhuratat baritore t\u00eb t\u00eb cilit i dhan\u00eb atij titullin\u00a0 \u201cBariu i gjith\u00eb Rusis\u00eb\u201d. N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet besimit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb madh, prifti i shenjt\u00eb u lut, kremtoi misteret liturgjike, m\u00ebsoi dhe sh\u00ebroi. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb kontribues i madh p\u00ebr ringjalljen eukaristike nd\u00ebr orthodhoks\u00ebt rus\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb shekull. Ai ngulmoi n\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrjen n\u00eb misteret e shenjta t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb vinin t\u00eb luteshin me at\u00eb n\u00eb enorin\u00eb e tij. Me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00ebsonte dhe thellonte p\u00ebrgatitjen e besimtar\u00ebve p\u00ebr marrjen e rregullt t\u00eb Kungat\u00ebs s\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb, At Joani themeloi praktik\u00ebn e rr\u00ebfimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt publik. Nj\u00eb bamir\u00ebs i madh i t\u00eb varf\u00ebrve dhe sh\u00ebrues i t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00ebve, k\u00ebshillat shpirt\u00ebrore t\u00eb At Joanit jan\u00eb publikuar n\u00eb ditarin e tij t\u00eb quajtur Jeta ime n\u00eb Krishtin.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 Teolog\u00ebt udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs rus\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb ishin kleriku i madh Mitropoliti Filaret i Mosk\u00ebs (v. 1867) dhe laiku Aleks Komiakov (v. 1860), shkrimet e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve si i famshmi “Kisha \u00ebsht\u00eb Nj\u00eb”fillimisht nuk u publikuan n\u00eb Rusi, p\u00ebrshkak t\u00eb censur\u00ebs qeveritare. I konsideruar si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr teolog\u00ebt modern\u00eb m\u00eb origjinal dhe m\u00eb krijues, Komiakov ishte nd\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb zbuloi rrjedhat patristike tradicionale t\u00eb teologjis\u00eb orthodhokse dhe jet\u00ebs shpirt\u00ebrore. Ai i inkurajoi mendimtar\u00ebt orthodhoks\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00ebputeshin nga \u201crob\u00ebria per\u00ebndimore\u201d e teologjis\u00eb skolastike dhe t\u00eb takoheshin me bot\u00ebn shpirt\u00ebrore dhe intelektuale t\u00eb per\u00ebndimit me nj\u00eb njohuri dhe p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb t\u00eb Tradit\u00ebs s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb orthodhokse.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 P\u00ebrve\u00e7 Komiakovit dhe shkrimtarit Dostojevski, duhen p\u00ebrmendur edhe mendimtar\u00eb fetar\u00eb rus\u00eb, si: I. Kirevski (v. 1856), V. Soloviev (v. 1900), N. Federov (v. 1905) dhe v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit S. Trubetskoi (v. 1905) dhe E. Trubetskoi (v. 1920). Gjithashtu, duhet p\u00ebrmendur emri i Leon Tolstoit (v. 1913), romancierit t\u00eb madh q\u00eb i rishkroi ungjijt\u00eb, krijoi fen\u00eb e tij dhe u \u00e7kish\u00ebrua nga Kisha Orthodhokse.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 Shekulli i n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb n\u00eb Rusi, ashtu si edhe n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, ishte nj\u00eb shekull misionar. Prifti Makario Glukarev (v. 1847) ia dedikoi jet\u00ebn e tij ungjillizimit t\u00eb fiseve Siberiane. Profesori laik Nikolai Ilminski (v. 1891) i p\u00ebrktheu shkrimet dhe librat e Kish\u00ebs s\u00eb besimit orthodhoks n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e k\u00ebtyre popujve. Akademia teologjike e ngritur n\u00eb Kazan u b\u00eb qendra e aktivitetit misionar t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Ruse.\u00a0Po ashtu, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb, peshkop Nikolai Kasatkin (v. 1912) i Tokios ktheu mij\u00ebra japonez\u00eb n\u00eb besimin orthodhoks, duke l\u00ebn\u00eb pas vdekjes nj\u00eb Kish\u00eb lokale vet\u00eb-qeveris\u00ebse me shkrimet dhe librat liturgjik\u00eb n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn vendase dhe nj\u00eb num\u00ebr klerik\u00ebsh vendas. Peshkopi Nikolai u kanonizua shenjt n\u00eb 1970.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Hermani i Alask\u00ebs (v. 1837) u kanonizua, gjithashtu nga Kisha Orthodhokse n\u00eb 1970 p\u00ebr shenjt\u00ebrin\u00eb e tij t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme, e shprehur n\u00eb kujdesin dhe dashurin\u00eb e tij vet\u00eb-zbraz\u00ebse p\u00ebr popullin e Alask\u00ebs. N\u00eb lidhje me aktivitetet misionare t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Ruse, duhet p\u00ebrmendur, gjithashtu emri i At Joan Veniaminov (v. 1879). At Joani udh\u00ebtoi p\u00ebrmes Siberis\u00eb, n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit, me gruan dhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tij. Ai p\u00ebrktheu shkrimet, sh\u00ebrbesat kishtare dhe nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr t\u00eb vog\u00ebl me shkrimet e tij, t\u00eb quajtur Rruga p\u00ebr n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Qiellit, n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn aleute. Ai krijoi nj\u00eb alfabet nga g\u00ebrmat sllave. At Joani ishte nj\u00eb administrator, teknik dhe shkenc\u00ebtar i madh. Ai ishte nj\u00eb m\u00ebsues, nj\u00eb bari dhe nj\u00eb gjuh\u00ebtar. N\u00eb 1839 ai u b\u00eb peshkop i Kam\u00e7atk\u00ebs dhe i Ishujve Aleutin\u00eb. N\u00eb 1868 ai u zgjodh Mitropolit i Mosk\u00ebs me emrin Inocent. Mitropoliti Inocent u kanonizua si \u201cNdri\u00e7ues i Aleut\u00ebve dhe Apostull i Amerik\u00ebs\u201d n\u00eb 1978.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 Shekulli i n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb pa rritjen e Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb. Shum\u00eb imigrant\u00eb erdh\u00ebn n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e re, n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit, nga vende tradicionale orthodhokse. N\u00eb 1812, u nd\u00ebrtua e para nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb e Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse n\u00eb Amerik\u00ebn e Veriut n\u00eb Fort Ross n\u00eb Kaliforni. N\u00eb 1870 u em\u00ebrua peshkopi i par\u00eb i Alask\u00ebs dhe i Ishujve Aleutin\u00eb. N\u00eb 1872 qendra e misionit orthodhoks u zhvendos jozyrtarisht nga Sitka n\u00eb San Fran\u00e7isko, ku u vendos zyrtarisht nga peshkopi Nestor n\u00eb 1879. N\u00eb 1898 Kryepeshkopi Tikon Belavin, q\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb u b\u00eb patriku i par\u00eb i Rusis\u00eb qysh prej koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Pjetrit t\u00eb Madh, u caktua si primati Amerikan. Ai b\u00ebri thirrje p\u00ebr autonomi lokale, p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e anglishtes si gjuha liturgjike dhe p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e kalendarit civil lokal n\u00eb praktikat kishtare.\u00a0Enoria e par\u00eb orthodhokse greke n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara u themelua n\u00eb Nju – Orlean t\u00eb Luizian\u00ebs n\u00eb 1867. K\u00ebsaj enorie iu dhan\u00eb en\u00ebt kishtare nga cari i Rusis\u00eb \u201csi shenj\u00eb e k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb tij perandorake p\u00ebr fillimin e kishave q\u00eb flisnin greqisht n\u00eb juridiksionin shpirt\u00ebror t\u00eb Sinodit t\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 Shekulli i n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb n\u00eb Lindje d\u00ebshmoi pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb e nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb madh t\u00eb krishter\u00ebsh orthodhoks\u00eb nga zgjedha turke. Kryengritja greke e vitit 1821 b\u00ebri q\u00eb autoritetet turke t\u00eb varnin patrikun Grigor t\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00ebs dhe pes\u00eb mitropolit\u00eb, n\u00eb dyert e Fanarit t\u00eb Diel\u00ebn e Pashk\u00ebs. Mbasi Greqia fitoi pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb, u shpall, n\u00eb 1833 statusi i autoqefalis\u00eb s\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Greke.\u00a0 Kjo u konfirmua nga Konstandinopoja n\u00eb 1850. Seminari teologjik patriarkal n\u00eb ishullin e Halkit u themelua n\u00eb 1844.\u00a0Pes\u00eb dioqeza vet\u00eb-qeveris\u00ebse t\u00eb orthodhoks\u00ebve serb\u00eb dhe dy dioqeza t\u00eb orthodhoks\u00ebve rumun\u00eb u ngrit\u00ebn jasht\u00eb kufijve t\u00eb Perandoris\u00eb Turke gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtij shekulli. Brenda perandoris\u00eb populli bullgar k\u00ebrkoi dhe e mori lejen nga turqit p\u00ebr t\u00eb patur juridiksionin e tyre t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb kishtar. M\u00eb par\u00eb bullgar\u00ebt drejtoheshin nga peshkop\u00eb grek\u00eb, t\u00eb em\u00ebruar nga Patriarkana e Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, n\u00eb dioqeza me t\u00eb krishter\u00eb orthodhoks\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb jetonin n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat krahina. \u00c7do veprim themelimi t\u00eb nj\u00eb administrate t\u00eb ndar\u00eb kishtare mbi baz\u00ebn e komb\u00ebsis\u00eb u d\u00ebnua zyrtarisht nga patrik\u00ebt e Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, Aleksandris\u00eb dhe Antiokis\u00eb n\u00eb 1872 si herezia e filetizmit. E ashtuquajtura skizma bullgare u zgjidh p\u00ebrfundimisht n\u00eb 1945 kur patriarkana bullgare u vendos brenda kujfijve t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar territorial\u00eb.Gjysma e dyt\u00eb e shekullit d\u00ebshmoi jet\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Nektarit t\u00eb Egjin\u00ebs (v. 1920). Ai ishte kryepeshkop i Pentapolit, i njohur p\u00ebr predikimin dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb jet\u00ebs ungjillore \u2013 drejtuar nga p\u00ebrunj\u00ebsia, thjesht\u00ebsia, varf\u00ebria dhe dashuria p\u00ebr v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi protestant u karakterizua nga ekspansioni misionar dhe teologjia liberale. Ishte epoka e \u201ck\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb Jisuit historik\u201d me an\u00eb t\u00eb mjeteve historike dhe kriticizmit biblik. Ishte koha kur besimi i krishter\u00eb u konsiderua nga teolog\u00ebt, kryesisht, si nj\u00eb fe e ndijimit ose e sjelljes morale. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb, pati nj\u00eb p\u00ebrplasje nd\u00ebrmjet liberal\u00ebve dhe fondamentalist\u00ebve. Fondamentalist\u00ebt, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb, ngulmonin n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e Bibl\u00ebs si nj\u00eb manual shkencor q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb interpretohej fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr fjal\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb papajtueshme me q\u00ebllimet dhe synimet e shkrimeve t\u00eb shenjta ashtu si jan\u00eb kuptuar dhe interpretuar n\u00eb Tradit\u00ebn e Kish\u00ebs. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb bot\u00ebn per\u00ebndimore protestante t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, alternativa zot\u00ebruese e ofruar ishte ose ajo e liberalizmit e nj\u00eb varieteti racionalist ose pietist, ose fondamentalizmi sektar. N\u00eb Kish\u00ebn romane t\u00eb fundshekullit, autoriteti kishtar papal d\u00ebnoi form\u00ebn e liberalizmit romano-katolik, quajtur herezia e modernizmit. Kjo u b\u00eb zyrtarisht n\u00eb 1907. Megjithat\u00eb, rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt e saj ishin n\u00eb l\u00ebvizjet racionale dhe kritike t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, me theksin n\u00eb kriticizmin biblik dhe n\u00eb historin\u00eb e feve si \u00e7el\u00ebsat e duhur p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar krisht\u00ebrimin.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb 1854, Papa Piu IX, e shpalli zyrtarisht doktrin\u00ebn e Z\u00ebnies s\u00eb Panjollshme t\u00eb Virgj\u00ebresh\u00ebs Mari. N\u00eb 1870, Sinodi i Par\u00eb i Vatikanit i riafirmoi doktrinat e Sinodit t\u00eb Trentos dhe zyrtarisht, p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb histori, p\u00ebrcaktoi dogm\u00ebn e pagabueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb pap\u00ebs s\u00eb Rom\u00ebs. Kjo dogm\u00eb deklaronte se kur papa flet ex cathedra n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e besimit ose moralit, vendimi i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb katolik\u00ebt \u2013 ngaq\u00eb konsiderohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i pagabuesh\u00ebm. Dogma e Vatikanit pohonte qart\u00eb se pagabueshm\u00ebria e pap\u00ebs ishte detyrues kur ai fliste \u201cnga vetvetja dhe jo nga konsensusi i Kish\u00ebs\u201d.\u00a0Shenjtor\u00ebt roman\u00eb, Zhan Vianei (Jean Vianney, v. 1859) famulltari i Ars-it, dhe Tereza e Lisi\u00eb-s (Th\u03b9rese de Lisieux, v. 1897) jetuan n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb 1848, si p\u00ebrgjigje ndaj propozimeve t\u00eb b\u00ebra orthodhoks\u00ebve nga Papa Piu IX, patrik\u00ebt e Lindjes nxorr\u00ebn letr\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb famshme enciklike n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn doktrina e karakterit sinodal t\u00eb Orthodhoksis\u00eb pohohej qart\u00eb. E n\u00ebnshkruar nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb patrik\u00ebt e Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse, s\u00eb bashku me nj\u00ebzet e n\u00ebnt\u00eb peshkop\u00eb, e mb\u00ebshtetur plot\u00ebsisht nga Mitropoliti i Mosk\u00ebs, Filaret, letra enciklike e 1848 mbahet si dokumenti m\u00eb autoritativ n\u00eb historin\u00eb moderne t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse.<\/p>\n
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