N\u00eb 1961 botohej libri i t\u00eb ndjerit Theofan Popa “Piktor\u00ebt mesjetar\u00eb shqiptar\u00eb”. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb vecant\u00eb z\u00eb ikonografia bizantine dhe autor\u00ebt m\u00eb n\u00eb z\u00eb t\u00eb saj, n\u00eb trajtimin e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve, me gjith\u00eb koh\u00ebt e v\u00ebshtira, ndihet jo vet\u00ebm studjuesi, por edhe besimtari i p\u00ebrkushtuar. Dhe duhet kujtuar, se ishte vet\u00eb autori q\u00eb kishte zbuluar shumic\u00ebn e tyre, ashtu si\u00e7 ishte po ai, q\u00eb, pas mbylljes s\u00eb kishave, b\u00ebri t\u00eb pamundur\u00ebn p\u00ebr t’i ruajtur.<\/p>\n
Ndaj, mendojm\u00eb se do t\u00eb ishte me interes botimi i pjes\u00ebve kryesore t\u00eb tij, t\u00eb cilat e ruajn\u00eb edhe sot t\u00eb paprekur vler\u00ebn e tyre, megjith\u00eb kufizimet e imponuara nga regjimi.<\/p>\n
Arti i \u00e7do populli lidhet ngusht\u00eb me kushtet politike, shoq\u00ebrore, ekonomike dhe kulturore t\u00eb vendit n\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar. Piktura jon\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr lindi n\u00eb rrethana shoq\u00ebrore kulturore n\u00eb shekujt para se t\u00eb shkelej vendi yn\u00eb nga turqit. Kjo koh\u00eb mund t\u00eb quhet periudh\u00eb bizantine, mbasi, sikurse dihet, gjat\u00eb saj vendi yn\u00eb ishte pjes\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebse e Perandoris\u00eb Bizantine.<\/p>\n
Jeta politike shoq\u00ebrore ishte n\u00ebn ndikimin bizantin, aq m\u00eb tep\u00ebr q\u00eb nga pik\u00ebpamja kishtare populli yn\u00eb varej nga Kisha Lindore, duke u zhvilluar n\u00eb sfer\u00ebn e kultur\u00ebs feudalo-kishtare me nj\u00eb bot\u00ebkuptim kristian bizantin. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, kultura e krijuar n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e Bizantit reflekton tipare t\u00eb stilit bizantin, por ajo mbetet gjithmon\u00eb kultur\u00eb e popullit ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Arti bizantin u sanksionua nga Shteti e Kisha dhe u p\u00ebrcaktua me kanone (rregulla) t\u00eb pac\u00ebnueshme. Piktorit nuk i lejohej t\u00eb nd\u00ebrronte as tem\u00ebn, as tiparet q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruheshin n\u00eb kanonet. Arti bizantin u largua nga ideali i natyralitetit t\u00eb gjall\u00eb, q\u00eb kishte arti i vjet\u00ebr, jo p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb dob\u00ebsis\u00eb ose p\u00ebr munges\u00eb talentesh, por p\u00ebr arsye se u kthye drejt nj\u00eb stili t\u00eb ri, drejt bot\u00ebkuptimit t\u00eb popujve teokratik\u00eb t\u00eb Lindjes. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb stil, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kryesisht ornamental, punimi i vizave \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gj\u00eb kryesore. Ky stil nuk k\u00ebrkon t\u00eb jap\u00eb format reale t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb ndjeshme, por, duke u nisur nga bota reale, ngrihet n\u00eb skena imagjinare madh\u00ebshtore, konform disa ligjeve t\u00eb caktuara p\u00ebr artin. Q\u00ebllimi i tij nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb parashtroj\u00eb jet\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdit\u00ebshme t\u00eb realitetit, por, me mjete t\u00eb kufizuara, p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb thellohet dhe t\u00eb shpreh\u00eb bot\u00ebn shpirt\u00ebrore, konform bot\u00ebkuptimit kristian. Nga arti bizantin mungon \u00e7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb p\u00ebrshtypjen e materies, t\u00eb plasticitetit, t\u00eb var\u00ebsis\u00eb logjike, t\u00eb pesh\u00ebs. Format pikturale n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb art z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen me ato vizuale, pozicionet jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb zgjatura, piktur\u00ebn e karakterizon mosl\u00ebvizja. Ngjyrat nuk p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr thyerjen e drit\u00ebs, por si nj\u00eb simfoni dekorative e toneve. Fytyrat e personave marrin m\u00eb tep\u00ebr shprehje asketike, sidomos nga shek. XI e XII. Por, n\u00eb artin bizantin nuk mungon v\u00ebrejtja ekzakte, realizimi n\u00eb fytyr\u00eb e as shprehja psikologjike. Fytyra t\u00eb gjalla ekspresive, kompozim i mir\u00eb, rit\u00ebm n\u00eb proporcionet karakterizojn\u00eb artin e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Paleolog\u00ebve. Kjo ngjan sepse elementet e artit helen u shkrin\u00eb me ato t\u00eb artit t\u00eb popujve t\u00eb lindjes, dhe pik\u00ebrisht kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb karakteristika kryesore e artit bizantin.<\/p>\n
Njohja e piktur\u00ebs s\u00eb stilit bizantin ka p\u00ebr ne nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb posa\u00e7me, mbasi vendi yn\u00eb ruan nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm afreskesh e ikonash, prej shek. XII e deri n\u00eb shek. XV.<\/p>\n
Afreske quhen pikturat murale q\u00eb pikturohen mbi suva t\u00eb njom\u00eb, t\u00eb fresk\u00ebt, kurse “al seko” me suva t\u00eb that\u00eb. Tek e para piktori i afreskeve vesh me suva nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb muri, aq sa ai mund t\u00eb pikturj\u00eb brenda nj\u00eb dite. Po u tha suvaja, mbi t\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb punohet piktur\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb njom\u00eb (a fresko). Teknika e punimit t\u00eb afreskut \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtirat; ajo k\u00ebrkon dor\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt\u00eb, mbasi mbi t\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb korrigjohet m\u00eb. Mjeshtri italian i madh Mikelangjelo afreskun e quan prov\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb piktorit.<\/p>\n
Ikona (figur\u00eb) \u00ebsht\u00eb fjal\u00eb greke dhe vjen nga folja ikonizo (figuroj). Ikonat dallohen nga afresket se pikturohen mbi p\u00eblhur\u00eb t\u00eb shtrir\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb mbi d\u00ebrras\u00eb ose pikturohen direkt mbi d\u00ebrras\u00eb. Teknika e punimit t\u00eb ikonave \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb se ajo e afreskut, mbasi mbi to mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhen dhe korrigjime.<\/p>\n
N\u00ebp\u00ebr kishat tona t\u00eb vjetra ruhen sasira t\u00eb konsiderueshme afreskesh ose fragmente afreskesh t\u00eb stilit bizantin, t\u00eb punuara para se t\u00eb shkelej vendi yn\u00eb prej turkut.<\/p>\n
T\u00eb shekullit XII kemi dy afreske e apsid\u00ebs t\u00eb kish\u00ebs s\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Stefanit n\u00eb Dh\u00ebrmi me Sh\u00ebn Mitrin dhe Sh\u00ebn Stefanin si dhe ato t\u00eb apsid\u00ebs s\u00eb kish\u00ebs s\u00eb Rubikut, me apostujt duke kunguar. N\u00eb t\u00eb dyja apsidat afresket jan\u00eb zbehur shum\u00eb dhe kan\u00eb humbur bukurin\u00eb e m\u00ebparshme, por vlejn\u00eb si dokumentet m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetra t\u00eb piktur\u00ebs son\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr studimin e m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs s\u00eb pikturimit t\u00eb koh\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ato jan\u00eb prodhuar.<\/p>\n
Sasia e madhe e afreskeve dhe e ikonave q\u00eb ruhen nga shek. XIV d\u00ebshmon p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zhvillim t\u00eb gjithan\u00ebsh\u00ebm t\u00eb vendit ton\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb lart\u00eb artistik.<\/p>\n
Afreske interesante t\u00eb shek. XIV ruhen n\u00eb kish\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Maris\u00eb n\u00eb Maligrad t\u00eb Presp\u00ebs me data t\u00eb ndryshme (1345 e 1369), n\u00eb kish\u00ebn e Ristozit t\u00eb Mborjes (1390), n\u00eb Trapezarin\u00eb e manastirit t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Maris\u00eb n\u00eb Pojan t\u00eb Fierit, n\u00eb kish\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Triadh\u00ebs n\u00eb Lavdar, n\u00eb kish\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Maris\u00eb Vllaherna n\u00eb Berat, mbi kuben\u00eb e kish\u00ebs s\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Maris\u00eb n\u00eb Mal\u00e7an, n\u00eb shpell\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Maren\u00ebs mbi Bogaz t\u00eb Delvin\u00ebs, n\u00eb kish\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Triadh\u00ebs n\u00eb Berat etj. Disa prej tyre jan\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar gjat\u00eb shekujve. Ato q\u00eb ruhen n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb mir\u00eb jan\u00eb ato t\u00eb Maligradit, t\u00eb Vllahern\u00ebs n\u00eb Berat, t\u00eb Mel\u00e7anit dhe t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Thanasit n\u00eb Poli\u00e7an.<\/p>\n
Esht\u00eb interesant t\u00eb theksohet k\u00ebtu se t\u00eb gjitha pikturat q\u00eb ruhen n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb nga shekujt e lasht\u00eb t\u00eb Bizantit (shek. XII, XIII, XIV) jan\u00eb anonime, sikurse jan\u00eb anonime gati edhe t\u00eb gjitha pikturat e krijuara asaj kohe n\u00eb gjith\u00eb Perandorin\u00eb e Bizantit. I till\u00eb ishte zakoni i koh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Tematika e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb kishat tona me afreske t\u00eb stilit bizantin \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo e parapar\u00eb n\u00eb kanonet e Kish\u00ebs Lindore; Pandokratori, skena nga jeta e Krishtit, ku theksohen m\u00eb tep\u00ebr skenat e vuajtjeve dhe Ngjallja. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 Apostujve dhe martir\u00ebve, n\u00eb to pikturohen shenjtor\u00eb e asket\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb respektuar shum\u00eb n\u00eb shekujt e mesjet\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Shekulli XIV te ne shquhet dhe me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr relativisht t\u00eb madh ikonash t\u00eb stilit bizantin, q\u00eb ruhen n\u00ebp\u00ebr kishat tona. Shumica m\u00eb e madhe e tyre jan\u00eb me temat e Krishtit si Pandokrator, (Gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrmbajt\u00ebs) dhe Sh\u00ebn Maria si n\u00ebn\u00eb me Krishtin e vog\u00ebl n\u00eb preh\u00ebr. K\u00ebto ikona me Sh\u00ebn Marin\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb tipeve t\u00eb ndryshme si: Glikofilusa (q\u00eb puth \u00ebmb\u00ebl), Eleusa (m\u00ebshiruese), Odhigjitria (udh\u00ebheq\u00ebse) etj.<\/p>\n
Gjith\u00eb k\u00ebto tipe ikonash kan\u00eb tipare specifike, q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb t’i dallosh nj\u00ebr\u00ebn prej tjetr\u00ebs. K\u00ebto ikona me Sh\u00ebn Marin\u00eb n\u00eb stil bizantin karakterizohen me q\u00ebndrimin e saj n\u00eb pozicion pak t\u00eb k\u00ebrrusur nga f\u00ebmija q\u00eb mban n\u00eb preh\u00ebr. K\u00ebto ikona kan\u00eb nj\u00eb shprehje virgjiniteti e qasht\u00ebrsie solemne. Disave prej tyre u v\u00ebrehet n\u00eb fytyr\u00eb shprehja e dashuris\u00eb s\u00eb madhe amnore, q\u00eb shpeshher\u00eb arrin deri n\u00eb shprehje pik\u00ebllimi, me sa kuptohet, si parandjenj\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebsimet e t\u00eb Birit t\u00eb saj n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. N\u00eb afresket Sh\u00ebn Marin\u00eb e gjejm\u00eb duke ndenjur mbi fron, me t\u00eb birin n\u00eb preh\u00ebr, n\u00eb pozicion frontal, si e ngrir\u00eb, por gjithashtu n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb solemne e madh\u00ebshtore.<\/p>\n
Krishti si Pandokrator pikturohet deri n\u00eb brez, n\u00eb pozicion frontal, duke mbajtur Ungjillin n\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00ebn dhe duke bekuar me t\u00eb djatht\u00ebn. E gjith\u00eb mjesht\u00ebria e pikturimit t\u00eb Pandokratorit (Gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrmbajt\u00ebsit) n\u00eb stil bizantin konsiston n\u00eb dh\u00ebnien e shprehjes s\u00eb fytyr\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. Shprehja e fytyr\u00ebs s\u00eb Krishtit duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb me p\u00ebrmbajtje dogmatike. Shprehja e tij n\u00eb fytyr\u00eb duhet t\u00eb prezantoj\u00eb personin n\u00eb dor\u00ebn e t\u00eb cilit p\u00ebrmbahet gjith\u00ebsia dhe personin q\u00eb ushqen nj\u00eb dashuri t\u00eb pakufishme p\u00ebr njeriun. V\u00ebshtrimi i Krishtit duhet t\u00eb arrihet n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb q\u00eb spektatorin ta rr\u00ebmbej\u00eb dhe ta p\u00ebrqendroj\u00eb. Nj\u00eb shprehje t\u00eb till\u00eb interesante ka sidomos ikona e madhe e Krishtit nga Kisha e Sh\u00ebn Triadh\u00ebs dhe ajo e ikonostasit t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs “Fjetja e Sh\u00ebn Maris\u00eb” n\u00eb Kala t\u00eb Beratit (e dyta \u00ebsht\u00eb sjell\u00eb nga Kisha e Sh\u00ebn Maris\u00eb n\u00eb Ballsh). Shprehja e Krishtit n\u00eb k\u00ebto dy ikona \u00ebsht\u00eb me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb objekt p\u00ebr nj\u00eb studim special.<\/p>\n
Ikona t\u00eb k\u00ebtilla n\u00eb stil bizantin gjenden mjaft n\u00ebp\u00ebr kishat tona t\u00eb jugut. Ato jan\u00eb nj\u00eb kapital i \u00e7muesh\u00ebm i popullit ton\u00eb, me vleft\u00eb t\u00eb rrall\u00eb artistike, dhe jan\u00eb nj\u00eb d\u00ebshmi e faktit q\u00eb populli yn\u00eb, gjat\u00eb mesjet\u00ebs, ka pas\u00eb mb\u00ebrritur nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb lart\u00eb kulturor, duke realizuar t\u00eb tilla vepra arti t\u00eb rralla, q\u00eb sot i japin nj\u00eb kontribut t\u00eb \u00e7muesh\u00ebm historis\u00eb s\u00eb artit bot\u00ebror.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Pjes\u00eb nga libri ‘Piktor\u00ebt mesjetar\u00eb shqiptar\u00eb’ i Theofan Pop\u00ebs p\u00ebr piktur\u00ebn e vjet\u00ebr shqiptare. P\u00ebrshkruhet stili bizantin, ndarja midis afresket\u00ebve dhe ikonave, dhe paraqiten shembuj nga shek. XII deri XIV nga kishat e Dh\u00ebrmiut, Rubikut, Maligradit, Mborjes, Pojanit, Beratit etj.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"nentitulli":"","numri":"7 (34)","viti":"1995","muaji":"Gusht","muaji_numer":"8","dita":"","faqet":"[10]","fjale_kyce":"[\"Theofan Popa\", \"piktor\u00eb mesjetar\u00eb shqiptar\u00eb\", \"afreske\", \"ikona\", \"art bizantin\", \"Pandokrator\", \"Sh\u00ebn Maria\", \"Maligrad\", \"Berat\", \"shek. XIV\"]","permbledhje":"Pjes\u00eb nga libri 'Piktor\u00ebt mesjetar\u00eb shqiptar\u00eb' i Theofan Pop\u00ebs p\u00ebr piktur\u00ebn e vjet\u00ebr shqiptare. P\u00ebrshkruhet stili bizantin, ndarja midis afresket\u00ebve dhe ikonave, dhe paraqiten shembuj nga shek. XII deri XIV nga kishat e Dh\u00ebrmiut, Rubikut, Maligradit, Mborjes, Pojanit, Beratit etj.","autori":"Theofan Popa","kategoria":"Art kishtar","kryeredaktor":"Thoma Dhima"},"ngjallja_kategoria":[9834],"ngjallja_autori":[9835],"ngjallja_viti":[9667],"ngjallja_kryeredaktor":[9473],"class_list":["post-83410","ngjallja_article","type-ngjallja_article","status-publish","hentry","ngjallja_kategoria-art-kishtar","ngjallja_autori-theofan-popa","ngjallja_viti-9667","ngjallja_kryeredaktor-thoma-dhima"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n