{"id":4811,"date":"2016-10-24T11:21:44","date_gmt":"2016-10-24T11:21:44","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2021-10-11T00:01:41","modified_gmt":"2021-10-10T22:01:41","slug":"martesa-vlerat-e-saj-unikale-dhe-universale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/2016\/10\/24\/martesa-vlerat-e-saj-unikale-dhe-universale\/","title":{"rendered":"Martesa, vlerat e saj unikale dhe universale – Dhjak Anastas Bendo"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/span>Martesa, vlerat e saj unikale dhe universale<\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>Dhjak Anastas Bendo,<\/em><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>K\u00ebrkim nr. 2, Tiran\u00eb, 2009.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Institucioni i martes\u00ebs haset n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb njer\u00ebzore t\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb hershme dhe asaj moderne, p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb nga shtyllat mbi t\u00eb cilat k\u00ebto shoq\u00ebri kan\u00eb ngritur t\u00ebr\u00eb ngrehin\u00ebn e tyre dhe ka qen\u00eb objekti i studimit dhe i p\u00ebrkufizimit nga shum\u00eb shkolla fetare, filozofike, sociologjike, psikologjike, kulturore etj. N\u00eb shum\u00eb kultura \u00ebsht\u00eb par\u00eb si nj\u00eb kusht i domosdosh\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrjet\u00ebsimin e gjinis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore, si nj\u00eb vat\u00ebr e domosdoshme p\u00ebr rritjen dhe zhvillimin e njeriut si individ dhe person dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuad\u00ebr edhe si b\u00ebrthama e shum\u00eb shoq\u00ebrive n\u00eb an\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb globit. N\u00eb mjaft fe q\u00eb mbizot\u00ebrojn\u00eb n\u00eb planetin ton\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb nga \u00e7\u00ebshtjet m\u00eb kryesore dhe t\u00eb shenjta, shpeshher\u00eb tabu dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb mbrojtur nga ana e tyre me t\u00ebr\u00eb arsenalin e argumenteve teologjike dhe filozofike, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe shenjt\u00ebrin\u00eb e saj, duke u prezervuar edhe nga legjislacionet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse n\u00eb ato vende, ku k\u00ebto fe kan\u00eb predominuar gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Martesa n\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizime q\u00eb mund t\u00eb hasen n\u00eb fjalor\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm filozofik\u00eb ose sociologjik\u00eb modern\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizohet si nj\u00eb institucion n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebrpersonale midis burrit dhe gruas jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura nga shteti, nga autoriteti fetar, ose nga t\u00eb dy s\u00eb bashku. N\u00eb disa shkolla \u00ebsht\u00eb par\u00eb madje edhe si nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb. N\u00eb shkenc\u00ebn juridike martesa civile mbrohet nga shteti, n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me Kodin e Familjes, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e legjislacionit t\u00eb nj\u00eb vendi t\u00eb caktuar. Akti i martes\u00ebs q\u00eb njihet nga shteti ose nga feja, i atyre personave q\u00eb lidhin martes\u00eb, ndryshon t\u00ebr\u00eb statusin personal dhe shoq\u00ebror t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 M<\/strong>artesa ekziston si form\u00eb dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00eb jetese qysh n\u00eb fillimet e historis\u00eb s\u00eb njer\u00ebzimit. \u00cbsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht libri i par\u00eb i Bibl\u00ebs, ai i Gjenez\u00ebs q\u00eb na e tregon k\u00ebt\u00eb fakt, at\u00ebher\u00eb kur Per\u00ebndia e krijoi njeriun mashkull dhe fem\u00ebr dhe kur e urdh\u00ebron t\u00eb shumohet mbi dh\u00e9 (Gjen. 1:26-28). Qysh n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pasazh, Per\u00ebndia i shfaq njeriut se gjendja natyrale n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn njeriu \u00ebsht\u00eb i thirrur t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb dhe t\u00eb zhvillohet m\u00eb tej \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo e martes\u00ebs, pra e lidhjes midis burrit dhe gruas n\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhje intime dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetshme. Pik\u00ebrisht kjo lidhje p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb nga institucionet q\u00eb Per\u00ebndia ia zbuloi njeriut dhe si i till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i themeluar hyjn\u00ebrisht. Edhe n\u00ebp\u00ebr fet\u00eb e m\u00ebdha monoteiste, por edhe n\u00eb ato t\u00eb Azis\u00eb dhe Afrik\u00ebs, kjo lidhje ekziston si derivat i k\u00ebtij fakti dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb theksuar dhe mb\u00ebshtetur si nj\u00eb nga gj\u00ebrat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb ceremonit\u00eb e shenjta dhe ligjet e k\u00ebtyre feve, pavar\u00ebsisht variacioneve dhe q\u00ebllimeve t\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb e karakterizojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb Judaiz\u00ebm martesa \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhje kontraktuale midis \u00e7iftit, gj\u00eb q\u00eb urdh\u00ebrohet nga Per\u00ebndia dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb roli hyjnor \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i theksuar. Riprodhimi nuk konsiderohet si q\u00ebllimi i vet\u00ebm i martes\u00ebs. Sipas Kabbalah, shkoll\u00ebs judaike t\u00eb misticizmit, njeriu kur martohet shtyhet nga fakti se i vet\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shpirt i mang\u00ebt, i paplot\u00ebsuar dhe q\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb i p\u00ebrsosur ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb shpirt tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb t\u00eb arrihet kjo p\u00ebrsosm\u00ebri. N\u00eb ligjin judaik Halakha parashikohet fillimisht fejesa shiddukhin, e cila p\u00ebrkufizohet si premtimi i nd\u00ebrsjell\u00eb midis burrit dhe gruas p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb kontrat\u00ebn e nj\u00eb martese n\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb ardhshme dhe cakton m\u00ebnyrat dhe koh\u00ebn kur do t\u00eb kryhet. Fejesa nuk ndryshon statusin personal t\u00eb dy pal\u00ebve, ose nuk i jep t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn nj\u00ebr\u00ebs pal\u00eb t\u00eb parashtroj\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa specifike. N\u00eb ligjin judaik, martesa konsiston n\u00eb dy akte t\u00eb ve\u00e7uara, t\u00eb quajtura kiddushin, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ceremonia e fejes\u00ebs dhe nissu\u2019in, ceremonia e martes\u00ebs. Kiddushin sjell ndryshimin e statusit personal t\u00eb \u00e7iftit, kurse nissui\u2019n sjell pasojat ligjore t\u00eb ndryshimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij statusi. Tri jan\u00eb m\u00ebnyrat:<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 Me para (kesef) ose me nj\u00eb objekt q\u00eb ka vler\u00eb, si nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb ose nj\u00eb monedh\u00eb, me q\u00ebllim kontraktimin e martes\u00ebs dhe kjo b\u00ebhet n\u00eb pranin\u00eb e dy d\u00ebshmitar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 Me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb kontrate (shtar) n\u00eb pranin\u00eb e dy d\u00ebshmitar\u00ebve, ku shkruhet deklarata e kiddushin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2022 Me an\u00eb t\u00eb kryerjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieje seksuale duke pasur si q\u00ebllim krijimin e nj\u00eb lidhjeje martese, por kjo m\u00ebnyr\u00eb nuk k\u00ebshillohet nga shkrimet e rabin\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr martesat e leviratit (kur dikush martohet me vejush\u00ebn e v\u00ebllait t\u00eb tij).<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Nga ana e Halakha<\/strong>, martesa judaike \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb akt personal midis nj\u00eb burri dhe nj\u00eb gruaje. Nga ana e ligjit t\u00eb Halakh\u00ebs, nj\u00eb martes\u00eb judaike, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb akt personal midis nj\u00eb burri dhe nj\u00eb gruaje. Martesa si akt \u00ebsht\u00eb deklarimi ose konsakrimi nga ana e burrit dhe pranimi nga ana e gruas. Funksioni i rabinit n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebshilltar p\u00ebr \u00e7iftin dhe t\u00eb ftuarit jan\u00eb d\u00ebshmitar\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb Kin\u00eb<\/strong>, n\u00eb lidhje me martes\u00ebn ka t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb rezultojn\u00eb mij\u00ebra vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe q\u00eb jan\u00eb tep\u00ebr interesante p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb krahasime n\u00eb lidhje me gjendjen e martes\u00ebs si institut n\u00eb lasht\u00ebsi. Origjina e martes\u00ebs kineze \u00ebsht\u00eb mitologjike dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb histori midis Nyuv\u00ebs dhe Fu Xi, q\u00eb shpik\u00ebn procedurat e martes\u00ebs, pasi u martuan midis tyre. N\u00eb Kin\u00ebn e lasht\u00eb njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb kishin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin mbiem\u00ebr nuk martoheshin midis tyre, sepse kjo konsiderohej incest, megjithat\u00eb martesa midis t\u00eb af\u00ebrmeve nuk konsiderohej si nj\u00eb akt incesti dhe mund t\u00eb martoheshin kur b\u00ebhej fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr breza t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. Me kalimin e viteve, kur njer\u00ebzit nis\u00ebn t\u00eb l\u00ebviznin m\u00eb shpesh dhe numri i popullsis\u00eb u shtua, kinez\u00ebt nis\u00ebn t\u00eb kryenin martes\u00ebn nd\u00ebrklanore q\u00eb quhet antitetike. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb kryer n\u00eb vitet 5000 para Krishtit. Individ\u00ebt q\u00ebndronin me familjet e tyre biologjike dhe kur nj\u00eb nga an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e saj vdiste, burri ose gruaja, varroseshin t\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb varret e klaneve.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb Hinduiz\u00ebm<\/strong>, nj\u00eb martes\u00eb hindu, bashkon dy individ\u00eb p\u00ebrjet\u00eb, q\u00eb ata t\u00eb ken\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb harman (detyr\u00ebn e tyre), artha (zot\u00ebrimet), kaman (d\u00ebshirat fizike) dhe noksan (\u00e7lirimin p\u00ebrfundimtar shpirt\u00ebror) s\u00eb bashku. Gjithashtu ajo i bashkon dy familje bashk\u00eb. Zakonisht martesa \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka q\u00eb rregullohet nga prind\u00ebrit n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb disa rrug\u00ebve q\u00eb ata i p\u00ebrzgjedhin sipas mund\u00ebsis\u00eb ose besimit t\u00eb tyre, zakonisht me ndihm\u00ebn e nj\u00eb prifti i cili luan rol ky\u00e7 n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb martes\u00eb. Gjithashtu p\u00ebrdoren edhe harta astrologjie n\u00eb gjetjen e kandidat\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm ose k\u00ebshillohen edhe me nj\u00eb brahman t\u00eb quajtur \u201cpanthulu\u201d i cili ka parasysh kandidat\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm nd\u00ebr ata njer\u00ebz q\u00eb duan t\u00eb martohen. Kurse disa komunitete kryesisht ato t\u00eb brahman\u00ebve n\u00eb Mithila, p\u00ebrdoren regjistra t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash gjenealogjike q\u00eb mbahen nga specialist\u00eb. Gjithashtu edhe martesa e quajtur vedike, ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb nga tipat e martes\u00ebs hindu. Kurse martesa me dashuri ndeshet shpesh n\u00eb literatur\u00ebn hindu dhe kan\u00eb ekzistuar disa em\u00ebrtime t\u00eb saj si gandarha vivaha etj.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Afrika<\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kontinent ku p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohen t\u00eb gjitha qytet\u00ebrimet e vjetra t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Ekziston nj\u00eb diversitet kulturash edhe p\u00ebr sa i takon familjes dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto theksojn\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e familjes. Nj\u00eb martes\u00eb afrikane \u00ebsht\u00eb, m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se sa \u00e7do gj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, bashkimi i dy njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb familje t\u00eb vetme, ose kombinimi i dy familjeve ose edhe i disa fiseve q\u00eb shkrihen midis tyre n\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi familjare t\u00eb vetme. Koncepti i familjes \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga idet\u00eb unifikuese t\u00eb kontinentit afrikan. N\u00eb Afrik\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se sa 1000 nj\u00ebsi kulturore dhe \u00e7do kultur\u00eb, \u00e7do fis ka traditat e tij t\u00eb martes\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb familjes, disa prej t\u00eb cilave e kan\u00eb origjin\u00ebn e tyre, qindra dhe mij\u00ebra vite m\u00eb par\u00eb. Gjithashtu ka edhe fe t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb hedhur rr\u00ebnj\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontinent. N\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn e Veriut, shum\u00eb vende t\u00eb saj jan\u00eb influencuar nga tradita myslimane, kurse m\u00eb n\u00eb jug hasim tradita t\u00eb krishtera, hindu madje edhe judaike, t\u00eb p\u00ebrziera me tradita t\u00eb hershme. Divorci \u00ebsht\u00eb i rrall\u00eb n\u00eb martesat afrikane. Problemet brenda tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb e zakonshme t\u00eb diskutohen midis familjeve me q\u00ebllim gjetjen e zgjidhjeve, gj\u00eb q\u00eb e ruan nj\u00eb martes\u00eb nga shkat\u00ebrrimi i saj. \u00cbsht\u00eb interesant fakti se martesa \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka q\u00eb predikohet dhe kultivohet n\u00eb brezin e ri nga koha e f\u00ebmij\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb tyre dhe ata inkurajohen t\u00eb martohen kur jan\u00eb 13 ose 15 vje\u00e7, n\u00eb \u00e7astin kur arrihet pjekuria e mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb rritur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Edhe midis aztek\u00ebve<\/strong>, martesa ishte nj\u00eb institucion shum\u00eb i strukturuar dhe me rregulla t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara qart\u00eb, q\u00eb ishin parashikuar p\u00ebr \u00e7do aspekt t\u00eb jet\u00ebs. Sa i takon martes\u00ebs, nj\u00eb djal\u00eb i ri aztek, mund t\u00eb martohej vet\u00ebm pasi kishte mbushur mosh\u00ebn 20 vje\u00e7. Pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e tyre martoheshin midis moshave 20 dhe 22 vje\u00e7. Martesa rregullohej midis familjeve, q\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptonte se \u00e7ifti i ri kishte pak mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb shprehte mendimin e tij n\u00eb lidhje me k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje, gj\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e zakonshme n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb e hershme. Gj\u00ebja e par\u00eb q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushte nj\u00eb djal\u00eb i ri, i cili d\u00ebshironte t\u00eb martohej, ishte t\u00eb mbaronte shkollimin e tij dhe t\u00eb merrte lej\u00eb nga m\u00ebsuesit e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb shkoll\u00ebn. Pastaj n\u00eb nj\u00eb banket t\u00eb shtruar nga prind\u00ebrit p\u00ebr m\u00ebsuesit, ata u ofronin k\u00ebtyre t\u00eb fundit nj\u00eb s\u00ebpat\u00eb q\u00eb simbolizonte d\u00ebshir\u00ebn e t\u00eb riut p\u00ebr t\u00eb prer\u00eb lidhjet q\u00eb e mbanin ende t\u00eb lidhur me m\u00ebsuesin e tij, derisa ai d\u00ebshironte n\u00eb zemr\u00ebn e tij q\u00eb t\u00eb martohej. M\u00ebsuesit e pranonin s\u00ebpat\u00ebn, pasi m\u00eb par\u00eb b\u00ebnin nj\u00eb predikim tek djali i ri, q\u00eb t\u2019u bindej gjithmon\u00eb zotave, t\u00eb ishte krenar p\u00ebr shkoll\u00ebn e tij, t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb kujdestar i mir\u00eb i gruas dhe i familjes dhe nj\u00eb luft\u00ebtar i mir\u00eb n\u00eb luft\u00eb. Martesa kremtohej nat\u00ebn n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e dh\u00ebndrit dhe prind\u00ebrit i \u00e7onin t\u00eb sapomartuarit n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb re, duke u dh\u00ebn\u00eb atyre dhurata t\u00eb shumta dhe duke k\u00ebnduar p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb rrug\u00ebs. Kur ata mb\u00ebrrinin te dera e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb t\u00eb veshur dhe t\u00eb zbukuruar me kurora me lule, at\u00ebher\u00eb deklaroheshin burr\u00eb e grua. Tek aztek\u00ebt ekzistonte edhe divorci, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje gjyq\u00ebsore, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn gjykata p\u00ebrpiqej fillimisht t\u00eb pajtonte dy pal\u00ebt dhe n\u00eb rast t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt b\u00ebnte ndarjen e pasuris\u00eb, kurse f\u00ebmij\u00ebt ndaheshin sipas gjinis\u00eb s\u00eb tyre, bijt\u00eb me babain dhe vajzat me n\u00ebn\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb Islam<\/strong>, martesa (\u201czavaj\u201d), \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhje e ligjshme dhe nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb sociale midis burrit dhe gruas, si\u00e7 diktohet nga sheriati. Ka dy lloj martesash q\u00eb p\u00ebrmenden n\u00eb Kuran, nikah dhe nikah mut\u2019ah. Nikah, q\u00eb e p\u00ebrkthyer do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kontrat\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb forma e par\u00eb dhe q\u00eb haset m\u00eb shpesh p\u00ebr mysliman\u00ebt, e cila p\u00ebrshkruhet edhe n\u00eb Kuran. Disa nga q\u00ebllimet e k\u00ebsaj martese jan\u00eb:<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0a) Q\u00ebllimi i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb burri dhe gruaja t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme, por t\u00eb dy kan\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb divorcin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 b) \u00c7ifti trash\u00ebgon nj\u00ebri nga tjetri.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 c) N\u00ebnshkruhet nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb midis dy pal\u00ebve. Burri duhet t\u00eb paguaj\u00eb p\u00ebr paj\u00ebn e gruas.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0N\u00eb Islam poligjinia \u00ebsht\u00eb e lejuar me kusht sipas disa rregullave t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara qart\u00eb. N\u00eb teologjin\u00eb islamike, t\u00eb dyja gjinit\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb barabarta n\u00eb vler\u00eb dhe ndryshimet midis tyre njihen p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave, obligimeve dhe roleve t\u00eb ndryshme. Zakonisht gruaja myslimane \u00ebsht\u00eb par\u00eb si nj\u00eb amvis\u00eb dhe rrit\u00ebse e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve. Qenia n\u00ebn\u00eb konsiderohet nj\u00eb nga rolet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Martesa n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0N\u00eb Greqin\u00eb e Vjet\u00ebr<\/strong>, nuk ka ekzistuar nj\u00eb ceremoni specifike p\u00ebr martes\u00ebn dhe ishte vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje e nd\u00ebrsjell\u00eb midis burrit dhe gruas. Burrat martoheshin kur ishin n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 20 ose 30 vje\u00e7 dhe donin q\u00eb grat\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb ishin adoleshente t\u00eb hershme. Grat\u00eb e martuara kishin t\u00eb drejta t\u00eb pakta n\u00eb Greqin\u00eb e Lasht\u00eb dhe kujdeseshin kryesisht p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt dhe sht\u00ebpin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb Rom\u00eb<\/strong>, n\u00eb fillim martesa nuk parashikonte aprovimin e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb fes\u00eb ose t\u00eb shtetit dhe nj\u00ebsoj si n\u00eb Greqin\u00eb e Lasht\u00eb, bazohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje t\u00eb nd\u00ebrsjell\u00eb midis burrit dhe gruas. T\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur martes\u00eb e kishin vet\u00ebm personat q\u00eb kishin ius conubi. K\u00ebt\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb e kishin qytetar\u00ebt romak\u00eb, latin\u00ebt e vjet\u00ebr dhe me kufizime plebejt\u00eb, libertin\u00ebt dhe grupet e lidhura me profesione t\u00eb ndryshme, por n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn postklasike kjo gjendje ndryshoi p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb krishterimit. Gjithashtu p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebtij kushti, kishte dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb si affectio maritalis (q\u00ebllimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar bashk\u00ebsin\u00eb martesore) dhe forma e parashikuar me ligj p\u00ebr lidhjen e saj. Kuptimi i klasik i saj ishte ai shprehur nga Modestinos (250 para Krishtit): \u201cMartesa \u00ebsht\u00eb bashkimi i gruas dhe i burrit, nj\u00eb lidhje e p\u00ebrjetshme dhe komunikim i s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs hyjnore dhe njer\u00ebzore\u201d. Kjo lidhje daton qysh n\u00eb koh\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb hershme kur burri dhe gruaja formonin nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebsi t\u00eb mirash dhe kultesh. Martesa p\u00ebrmbante n\u00eb vetvete elementin subjektiv ose q\u00ebllimor dhe at\u00eb objektiv dhe material, q\u00eb konkretizohej me bashk\u00ebjetes\u00ebn e burrit dhe t\u00eb gruas n\u00eb nj\u00eb bashkim permanent. Kurse elementi subjektiv lidhet me vullnetin e dy pal\u00ebve q\u00eb japin konsensusin e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb lidhjen e martes\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn post klasike t\u00eb Justinianit, e cila u zhvillua n\u00ebn drit\u00ebn e Krishterimit, ai solli ndryshime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha shoq\u00ebrore n\u00eb \u00e7do aspekt t\u00eb jet\u00ebs, p\u00ebrfshi edhe at\u00eb t\u00eb martes\u00ebs si p.sh. pazgjidhshm\u00ebria e saj me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb atyre rasteve t\u00eb cilat parashikohen edhe n\u00eb Kanunet e Shenjta t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs. \u00cbsht\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb theksojm\u00eb se Justiniani i kushtoi shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi elementit t\u00eb konsensusit me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeje fillestare. N\u00eb Rom\u00eb ka ekzistuar edhe fejesa ose sponsalia, ku jepeshin dhe merreshin premtimet p\u00ebr lidhjen e martes\u00ebs. N\u00eb shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb romake kan\u00eb ekzistuar forma t\u00eb ndryshme martesash:<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Forma e par\u00eb ishte coemptio ose blerja reale e gruas, ku ati i nuses n\u00eb prani t\u00eb 5 d\u00ebshmitar\u00ebve, ia dor\u00ebzonte nusen pater-familias s\u00eb dh\u00ebndrit, duke marr\u00eb nj\u00eb monedh\u00eb si simbol t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj lidhjeje;<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 2. Confereatio ishte forma e dyt\u00eb, ajo m\u00eb solemne q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej nga shtresat m\u00eb t\u00eb larta t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb, q\u00eb kryhej n\u00eb prani t\u00eb 10 d\u00ebshmitar\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb fejuarit. Dh\u00ebndri i jepte nuses kur ajo mb\u00ebrrinte n\u00eb der\u00ebn e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, buk\u00eb, zjarr dhe uj\u00eb, kurse ajo duhej t\u00eb thoshte \u201ckudo q\u00eb t\u00eb jesh ti, do t\u00eb jem edhe un\u00eb\u201d. 3. Usus q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb forma m\u00eb e p\u00ebrhapur n\u00eb shtresat e varfra t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb dhe q\u00eb konsistonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb transferim t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb t\u00eb nuses n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e burrit. Karakteristik\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj martese ishte se ishte martesa pa manus n\u00eb ndryshim nga martesat e tjera, ku manusi, pushteti i burrit ose i pater-familjas ushtrohej mbi gruan q\u00eb b\u00ebhej pjes\u00eb e familjes s\u00eb burrit, duke i nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb lidhjet me familjen e saj. N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e Justinianit u sanksionua q\u00eb p\u00ebr lidhjen juridike t\u00eb martes\u00ebs, duhej k\u00ebrkuar edhe kryerja e sh\u00ebrbes\u00ebs kishtare t\u00eb martes\u00ebs dhe u nxor\u00ebn edhe ligje q\u00eb e favorizonin duksh\u00ebm martes\u00ebn si nj\u00eb sakrament i caktuar hyjn\u00ebrisht.<\/p>\n

<\/span>III<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

<\/span>KUPTIMI I KRISHTER\u00cb I MARTES\u00cbS<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Krishterimi solli nj\u00eb revolucion t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb sa i takon martes\u00ebs, t\u00eb drejtave dhe detyrimeve, q\u00ebllimit. Duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb fe mbizot\u00ebruese, solli ndryshime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sektor\u00ebt e jet\u00ebs. Pik\u00ebs\u00ebpari nxori n\u00eb pah origjin\u00ebn e njeriut, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar sipas ikon\u00ebs dhe sh\u00ebmb\u00ebllimit t\u00eb Per\u00ebndis\u00eb, tregoi q\u00ebllimin e lart\u00eb t\u00eb njeriut, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb hyjnizimi, vler\u00ebn e madhe t\u00eb burrit dhe t\u00eb gruas, pa b\u00ebr\u00eb dallime gjinore dhe kreu reformime rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsore edhe sa i takon martes\u00ebs. Krishterimi i m\u00ebsoi njer\u00ebzit se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb kan\u00eb vler\u00eb unikale para Per\u00ebndis\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht rac\u00ebs dhe origjin\u00ebs dhe se mesazhi i Ungjillit u drejtohet t\u00eb gjitha kombeve dhe klasave shoq\u00ebrore, pa b\u00ebr\u00eb kurrfar\u00eb dallimi. Martesa ishte nj\u00eb nga t\u00eb drejtat q\u00eb me kalimin e koh\u00ebs p\u00ebrftuan edhe skllev\u00ebrit q\u00eb u b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb krishter\u00eb, por edhe popullsit\u00eb e tjera t\u00eb krishtera t\u00eb cilat ishin pushtuar nga Roma dhe nuk e kishin statusin e qytetarit romak. Martesa e cila do t\u00eb lidhej n\u00eb Kish\u00eb si nj\u00eb sakrament, i shtrinte efektet e saj juridike mbi t\u00eb gjitha subjektet e krishtera dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb mori nj\u00eb karakter universal. Nj\u00eb nga autor\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr t\u00eb krishter\u00eb Tertuliani (160-230 pas Krishtit), thot\u00eb \u201cse martesa \u00ebsht\u00eb caktuar nga kisha, \u00ebsht\u00eb konfirmuar nga Eukaristia Hyjnore, \u00ebsht\u00eb vulosur nga bekimi, \u00ebsht\u00eb regjistruar n\u00eb qiell nga engj\u00ebjt dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb librin e Qengjit\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Q\u00ebllimi i par\u00eb i martes\u00ebs q\u00eb iu dha hebrenjve t\u00eb Dhiat\u00ebs s\u00eb Vjet\u00ebr ishte shumimi. \u201cShtohuni dhe shumohuni\u201d – i tha Zoti Adamit dhe Ev\u00ebs. \u201cUn\u00eb kam p\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00eb bekuar ty, e duke t\u00eb shumuar ty, un\u00eb do t\u00eb shumoj far\u00ebn t\u00ebnde mbi tok\u00eb\u201d, i premtoi p\u00ebrs\u00ebri Avrahamit. Por n\u00eb Dhiat\u00ebn e Re, p\u00ebr hir t\u00eb vepr\u00ebs shp\u00ebtimtare t\u00eb Krishtit, martesa u lart\u00ebsua n\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb ri, p\u00ebrmbi q\u00ebllimin e shtimit t\u00eb gjinis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore dhe mbi kontratat ligjore. Njeriu u ngrit n\u00eb nj\u00eb stad m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe sipas sh\u00ebn Joan Gojartit, nj\u00eb prej apologjet\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb krishterimit martesa u b\u00eb \u201csakramenti i dashuris\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 John Meyendorff thot\u00eb, martesa \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cnj\u00eb lidhje unike e dy qenieve t\u00eb dashuruara, q\u00eb kap\u00ebrcejn\u00eb t\u00eb qenit njeri t\u00eb tyre dhe k\u00ebshtu nuk bashkohen vet\u00ebm me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin, por ky bashkim b\u00ebhet n\u00eb Krishtin\u201d. (Martesa: Nj\u00eb Perspektiv\u00eb Orthodhokse p.18). N\u00eb rast se n\u00eb Dhiat\u00ebn e Vjet\u00ebr q\u00ebllimi i martes\u00ebs ishte shtimi i gjinis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore dhe vazhdimi i trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb, n\u00eb krishterim martesa ka si q\u00ebllim t\u00eb sajin, perfeksionimin shpirt\u00ebror dhe t\u00eb gjithansh\u00ebm t\u00eb njeriut, lart\u00ebsimin e tij n\u00eb sfer\u00ebn shpirt\u00ebrore, shk\u00ebputjen nga mentaliteti mishor dhe tok\u00ebsor, bashkimin me Per\u00ebndin\u00eb. N\u00eb rast se n\u00eb shum\u00eb kultura, martesa shikohet edhe si nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb konsumimi t\u00eb mirash, sidomos n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb e sotme moderne, apo si nj\u00eb siguri ekonomike, ku q\u00ebllimi i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb grumbullimi i sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb mirave materiale, martesa e krishter\u00eb ofron pasi bekohet me boll\u00ebk nga Per\u00ebndia, si t\u00eb mirat shpirt\u00ebrore ashtu edhe ato materiale nd\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit, pa b\u00ebr\u00eb diferencime.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Jan\u00eb me mij\u00ebra shembujt n\u00eb historin\u00eb e gjat\u00eb t\u00eb Krishterimit, t\u00eb burrave dhe grave t\u00eb krishtera q\u00eb sakrifikuan dhe u b\u00ebn\u00eb shembuj t\u00eb gjall\u00eb dhe autentik\u00eb t\u00eb humanizmit dhe bamir\u00ebsis\u00eb. N\u00eb drit\u00ebn e s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs s\u00eb krishter\u00eb q\u00eb na \u00ebsht\u00eb zbuluar, sh\u00ebn Joan Gojarti thot\u00eb se \u201cPer\u00ebndia qysh nga fillimi na u tregua se \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuesi, me an\u00eb t\u00eb Providenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Tij, i k\u00ebtij bashkimi midis burrit dhe gruas\u201d. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr niveli i martes\u00ebs u ngrit n\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb misteri, sikund\u00ebr i referohet sh\u00ebn Pavli. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnia martesore midis burrit dhe gruas nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie e p\u00ebrkohshme, e cila tiranizohet nga koha dhe paq\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb varf\u00ebr njer\u00ebzore, por ajo lart\u00ebsohet dhe hyn n\u00eb spektrin e s\u00eb p\u00ebrjetshmes. Le t\u00eb citojm\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri m\u00ebsuesin e madh ekumenik, sh\u00ebn Joan Gojartin i cili na thot\u00eb \u201cse kur nj\u00eb burr\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb grua jan\u00eb bashkuar n\u00eb martes\u00eb, ata nuk duken m\u00eb si di\u00e7ka tok\u00ebsore, por jan\u00eb vet\u00eb ikona e Per\u00ebndis\u00eb\u201d. Tek t\u00eb gjith\u00eb, pa dyshim, na b\u00ebn nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshtypje t\u00eb madhe, kur d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr ceremonit\u00eb e martes\u00ebs nd\u00ebr konfesione t\u00eb tjera, fraz\u00ebn \u201cDerisa vdekja t\u00eb na ndaj\u00eb\u201d. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se martesa ekziston \u201cderisa vdekja t\u00eb na ndaj\u00eb\u201d e si rrjedhoj\u00eb, lidhja midis nj\u00eb burri dhe nj\u00eb gruaje t\u00eb bashkuar n\u00eb martes\u00eb, mbaron n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb jet\u00eb dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb rob i k\u00ebsaj bote. Por Ungjilli na shpall se martesa \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrjetshme. Bashkimi sakramental i nj\u00eb burri dhe i nj\u00eb gruaje n\u00eb martes\u00ebn e krishter\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb bashkim i p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Klementi i Aleksandris\u00eb, nj\u00eb prej Et\u00ebrve t\u00eb hersh\u00ebm t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs shkruan \u201cse martesa \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se njer\u00ebzore. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mikrombret\u00ebri, nj\u00eb mbret\u00ebri n\u00eb miniatur\u00eb, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb sht\u00ebpia e vog\u00ebl e Zotit\u201d. Theologu John Meyendorff e tregon shum\u00eb qart\u00eb, \u201cve\u00e7antin\u00eb e martes\u00ebs s\u00eb krishter\u00eb, q\u00eb konsiston n\u00eb transformimin dhe transfigurimin e afeksionit t\u00eb natyrsh\u00ebm midis burrit dhe gruas n\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetshme dashurie, q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb prishet as nga vdekja\u201d, apo duke p\u00ebrdorur fjal\u00ebt e at\u00eb Aleksand\u00ebr Elchaninov, do t\u00eb thoshim se \u201cmartesa na b\u00ebn t\u00eb aft\u00eb t\u00eb kap\u00ebrcejm\u00eb p\u00ebrtej rregullave normale t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies njer\u00ebzore dhe t\u00eb hyjm\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb sfer\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb mrekullueshmes, t\u00eb superhumanes\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Krishterimi p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb mos l\u00ebr\u00eb idhujt e krijuar nga njeriu t\u00eb prishin lumturin\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb martes\u00ebs, duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb atij mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb kap\u00ebrcyer veten e tij, bot\u00ebn dhe gjendjen e r\u00ebn\u00eb, duke e orientuar jo q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbush\u00eb vet\u00ebm disa nevoja dhe shijime, por e \u00e7on drejt sferave m\u00eb t\u00eb larta t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs. Kjo realizohet me m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn q\u00eb sh\u00ebn Grigor Theologu, nj\u00eb at\u00eb tjet\u00ebr i madh i Kish\u00ebs, na e tregon: \u201cMartesa \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsi i moderimit dhe harmonia e d\u00ebshirave, vula e miq\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb thell\u00eb… pija unike nga nj\u00eb burim i rrethuar me gardh, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i paafruesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb jasht\u00eb. T\u00eb bashkuar n\u00eb mish, nj\u00eb n\u00eb shpirt, burri dhe gruaja nxisin nj\u00ebri-tjetrin me nxitjen e dashuris\u00eb reciproke. Se martesa nuk e largon Per\u00ebndin\u00eb, por i sjell t\u00eb gjith\u00eb m\u00eb af\u00ebr Atij, sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00eb Per\u00ebndia, Ai q\u00eb na sjell brenda saj\u201d.<\/p>\n

________________<\/p>\n

Referenca:<\/p>\n

– Mandro A., E Drejta Romake, Tiran\u00eb, fq. 95-120.
\n– Elchanin\u00ef v A., Diary of a Russian Priest, bot. Con. Press, fq. 46.
\n– Mack J., Preserve them o God, bot. Con. Press, fq. 15-19.
\n– Meyendorff J., Marriage. An Orthodox Perspective, bot. SVS Press, fq. 18.
\n– Kodi i Familjes i Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb, bot. Qendra e Publikimeve Zyrtare, Tiran\u00eb, 2003.
\n– http:\/\/www. Wikipedia. com.\/ Marriage, different views of marriage in the
\nmain important religions.
\n– Gjeneza 1:26-28.Gjeneza 1:26-28.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Martesa, vlerat e saj unikale dhe universale Dhjak Anastas Bendo, K\u00ebrkim nr. 2, Tiran\u00eb, 2009. \u00a0 \u00a0 Institucioni i martes\u00ebs haset n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb njer\u00ebzore t\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb hershme dhe asaj moderne, p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb nga shtyllat mbi t\u00eb cilat k\u00ebto shoq\u00ebri kan\u00eb ngritur t\u00ebr\u00eb ngrehin\u00ebn e tyre dhe ka qen\u00eb objekti i studimit dhe i p\u00ebrkufizimit nga shum\u00eb shkolla fetare, filozofike, sociologjike, psikologjike, kulturore<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[256],"tags":[608],"class_list":["post-4811","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kendveshtrimi-orthodhoks","tag-kendveshtrimi-orthodhoks"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMartesa, vlerat e saj unikale dhe universale - 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