{"id":3858,"date":"2015-05-15T07:22:17","date_gmt":"2015-05-15T07:22:17","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-04-12T11:51:38","modified_gmt":"2020-04-12T09:51:38","slug":"twelfth-century","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/en\/2015\/05\/15\/twelfth-century\/","title":{"rendered":"Twelfth Century"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Major Trends<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The twelfth century saw the continual struggle of the <strong>Comneni<\/strong> imperial dynasty in Constantinople with the crusading Latins from the West and the encroaching Moslem Turks in the East. The emperor <strong>Alexius Comnenus<\/strong> officially sanctioned Mount Athos as the center of Orthodox monasticism. <strong>Eudiymios Zigabenus<\/strong> produced his <strong>Dogmatic Panoply<\/strong>, a handbook of the official doctrines of the Church. Although there was a genuine interest in theology in the empire at this time, the actual theological work in Eastern Christendom was limited to a repetition and cataloging of traditional doctrines. <br \/> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Art and architecture developed in the twelfth century with such classical Byzantine monuments as the church buildings and mosaics of the Church of <strong>Saint Luke<\/strong> and the Church of <strong>Daphni<\/strong> near Athens. In Russia <strong>Saint Alypius<\/strong> (<em>d. 1114<\/em>), the \u201cfather of Russian iconography,\u201d lived in this period. Some of the greatest architectural and iconographic achievements of Novgorod, Vladimir, Suzdal, and Pskov came from this time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kievan Russia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Christianity in Kievan Russia continued to expand and develop. A fire in Kiev in 1124 is reported to have destroyed six hundred church edifices -an indication of the great development of this cosmopolitan city which had become a leading center of European and Byzantine culture and trade. Early in this century, the Prince <strong>Vladimir Monomakh<\/strong> (<em>d.1125<\/em>) wrote his famous \u201ccharge to my children,\u201d a document intended to guide his sons in their lives as Christian leaders. Byzantine influence was still very strong in Kievan Christianity. The <strong>Russian Primary Chronicle<\/strong>containing the lives of many early Kievan saints, was edited traditionally by the monk <strong>Nestor<\/strong> of the caves monastery.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Serbia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The twelfth century witnessed the emergence of Serbian statehood through the efforts of the ruler <strong>Nemanya<\/strong> (<em>1113-1199<\/em>). It was Nemanya\u2019s son, Rastko, who fled to Mount Athos to become a monk by the name of Sava. He was destined to become the great national saint and leader of the Serbian people. Sava finally brought his father to Mount Athos to end his life in the monastic habit with the name of <strong>Simeon<\/strong>, canonized by the Church as Saint <strong>Simeon the Myrrh-flowing<\/strong>. The Byzantine emperor <strong>Angelos<\/strong> gave the Serbian father and son the monastery of <strong>Hilandari<\/strong> on Mount Athos which remains until today as the Serbian monastery on the holy mountain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The West<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: verdana,geneva;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Together with the centralizing of papal power and the victory of the papacy over the secular rulers, the twelfth century West saw the rise of the <strong>Victorine<\/strong> school of Augustinian theology led by <strong>Hugo<\/strong> (<em>d.1141<\/em>) and <strong>Richard of St. Victor<\/strong> (<em>d.1173<\/em>). At this time <strong>Peter Lombard<\/strong> wrote his influential <strong>Sentences<\/strong>, while on the more popular level the spiritualistic, dualistic movements of the <strong>Waldensians<\/strong> and <strong>Albigensians<\/strong> were making their impact.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Major Trends &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The twelfth century saw the continual struggle of the Comneni imperial dynasty in Constantinople with the crusading Latins from the West and the encroaching Moslem Turks in the East. The emperor Alexius Comnenus officially sanctioned Mount Athos as the center of Orthodox monasticism. Eudiymios Zigabenus produced his Dogmatic Panoply, a handbook of the official doctrines of the Church. Although there was<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Twelfth Century - Kisha Orthodh\u03bfkse Autoqefale e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/en\/2015\/05\/15\/twelfth-century\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Twelfth Century - Kisha Orthodh\u03bfkse Autoqefale e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Major Trends &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The twelfth century saw the continual struggle of the Comneni imperial dynasty in Constantinople with the crusading Latins from the West and the encroaching Moslem Turks in the East. The emperor Alexius Comnenus officially sanctioned Mount Athos as the center of Orthodox monasticism. Eudiymios Zigabenus produced his Dogmatic Panoply, a handbook of the official doctrines of the Church. Although there was\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/en\/2015\/05\/15\/twelfth-century\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Kisha Orthodh\u03bfkse Autoqefale e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/koash1991\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-05-15T07:22:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-04-12T09:51:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LogoLastALb-200.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"172\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Kisha Orthodhokse\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kisha Orthodhokse\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/en\/2015\/05\/15\/twelfth-century\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/en\/2015\/05\/15\/twelfth-century\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kisha Orthodhokse\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/#\/schema\/person\/df745f942b70e045b3dc05a30211f0de\"},\"headline\":\"Twelfth Century\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-05-15T07:22:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-04-12T09:51:38+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/en\/2015\/05\/15\/twelfth-century\/\"},\"wordCount\":475,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/#organization\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/en\/2015\/05\/15\/twelfth-century\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/en\/2015\/05\/15\/twelfth-century\/\",\"name\":\"Twelfth Century - 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