{"id":1910,"date":"2012-10-05T10:42:18","date_gmt":"2012-10-05T10:42:18","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-07T20:52:23","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T18:52:23","slug":"shekulli-i-tetembedhjete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/2012\/10\/05\/shekulli-i-tetembedhjete\/","title":{"rendered":"Shekulli i Tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 Gjat\u00eb shtat\u00ebdhjet\u00eb e tre viteve n\u00eb shekullin e tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, froni patriarkal i Konstandinopoj\u00ebs i nd\u00ebrroi patrik\u00ebt dyzet e tet\u00eb her\u00eb. Disa e mbajt\u00ebn pozit\u00ebn e patrikut edhe pes\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tregues i gjendjes s\u00eb tmerrshme n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn t\u00eb krishter\u00ebt po jetonin n\u00ebn sundimin turk. Ndon\u00ebse disa serb\u00eb arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb emigronin n\u00eb Austri dhe Hungari ku iu dhan\u00eb dioqezat e tyre, p\u00ebr ata t\u00eb krishter\u00eb q\u00eb mbet\u00ebn n\u00ebn kontrollin turk kjo ishte ora m\u00eb e err\u00ebt. Kjo koh\u00eb ishte periudha kur atje jetonin tre nga shenjtor\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb koh\u00ebve moderne.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebn Kozmai i Etolis\u00eb<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Kozma Etolasi (v. 1779) \u00ebsht\u00eb quajtur misionari m\u00eb i madh i Greqis\u00eb moderne dhe ati i kombit modern grek. Sh\u00ebn Kozmai ishte nj\u00eb murg i Malit Athos i cili e la Malin e Shenjt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapur ungjillin e Krishtit tek grek\u00ebt q\u00eb jetonin n\u00ebn shtypjen turke. Shenjti nuk ka l\u00ebn\u00eb shkrime t\u00eb tij. Megjithat\u00eb, ai ishte nj\u00eb predikues dhe m\u00ebsues i shquar, fjal\u00ebt e t\u00eb cilit jan\u00eb shkruar. Ai ishte, gjithashtu nj\u00eb mrekullib\u00ebr\u00ebs. Sh\u00ebn Kozmai vdiq me nj\u00eb vdekje martiri nga duart e turqve.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Makario i Korinthit<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Makario i Korinthit (v. 1805) ishte bashk\u00ebkohasi m\u00eb i ri i Sh\u00ebn Kozmait. Ai e kaloi koh\u00ebn n\u00eb Malin Athos ku mbrojti zbatimin e drejt\u00eb t\u00eb praktikave liturgjike orthodhokse. Ai ishte nj\u00eb predikues misionar q\u00eb ishte zgjedhur peshkop i Korinthit, por q\u00eb nuk ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb funksiononte n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pozicion. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i famsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr ngulmimin e tij p\u00ebr nevoj\u00ebn dhe p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e marrjes n\u00eb rregull dhe t\u00eb shpesht\u00eb t\u00eb Kungat\u00ebs Hyjnore. Shenjti shkroi shum\u00eb shkrime shpirt\u00ebrore, shum\u00eb nga t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb rreth tem\u00ebs p\u00ebr nevoj\u00ebn e besimtar\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb Misteret.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Nikodhim Agjioriti<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Nikodhim Agjioriti (v. 1809) ishte n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebt\u00ebn frym\u00eb m\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Kozmain dhe Sh\u00ebn Makarion. Ai ishte, gjithashtu nj\u00eb murg n\u00eb Malin Athos ku ishte nj\u00eb nga udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e rilindjes shpirt\u00ebrore t\u00eb orthodhoksis\u00eb greke n\u00ebn sundimin turk. Ai njihet m\u00eb tep\u00ebr p\u00ebr botimin e shkrimeve t\u00eb tij shpirt\u00ebrore, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Makarios s\u00eb Korinthit. Vepra e tij m\u00eb e famshme \u00ebsht\u00eb Filokalia, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje e shkrimeve shpirt\u00ebrore dhe asketike t\u00eb Et\u00ebrve t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs s\u00eb Lindjes.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rusia: Sinodi i Shenjt\u00eb Qeveris\u00ebs<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Shekulli i tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdjet\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsish\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha p\u00ebr Kish\u00ebn orthodhokse n\u00eb Rusi. Pjetri i Madh sundoi deri n\u00eb 1725, duke marr\u00eb titullin e perandorit.\u00a0 Ai e sundoi Kish\u00ebn me pushtet t\u00eb fort\u00eb, duke n\u00ebnshtruar at\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht n\u00eb k\u00ebrkesat dhe d\u00ebshirat e tij personale. Kur patriku Adrian vdiq, n\u00eb 1700, Pjetri em\u00ebroi peshkopin ambicioz t\u00eb Novgorodit, Stefan Iavorski (v. 1772) t\u00eb mbante detyr\u00ebn, duke i premtuar zgjedhjen. N\u00eb 1721, Pjetri nxorri Rregullin Kishtar. Ky u shkrua nga ukrainasi i protestantizuar Theofan Prokopovi\u00e7 (v. 1738), dhe e suprimoi patriarkan\u00ebn e Kish\u00ebs Ruse. Sinodi i Shenjt\u00eb Qeveris\u00ebs u vendos n\u00eb vend t\u00eb saj.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Sinodi i Shenjt\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga peshkop\u00eb, prift\u00ebrinj dhe laik\u00eb t\u00eb em\u00ebruar nga perandori dhe n\u00ebn kontrollin e tij n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet kreut t\u00eb tij laik, zyrtarit qeveritar t\u00eb quajtur ober-prokurator. Sinodi i Shenjt\u00eb ishte modeluar q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhej me sistemin administrativ t\u00eb kishave protestante t\u00eb Per\u00ebndimit, t\u00eb cilat Pjetri i admironte dhe i kishte zili. Ky dhunim rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor i rregullit kanonik, tradicional t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs orthodhokse n\u00eb Rusi \u2013 detyruar mbi Kish\u00ebn nga perandori \u2013 u miratua dhe u njoh zyrtarisht nga patrik\u00ebt e Lindjes. Kjo zgjati deri n\u00eb 1918, kur p\u00ebrs\u00ebri nj\u00eb patrik u zgjodh p\u00ebr Kish\u00ebn Ruse dhe u anullua metoda jo-orthodhokse e administrimit kishtar.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 I pari president i Sinodit t\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb Qeveris\u00ebs, i em\u00ebruar nga Pjetri i Madh, ishte Stefan Iavorski, nj\u00eb ukrainas i latinizuar. Hartuesi i tij, si\u00e7 e kemi par\u00eb, ishte Theofan Prokopovi\u00e7, nj\u00eb njeri me prirje protestante, nga vendet e jugut me influenc\u00eb per\u00ebndimore. Kjo situat\u00eb e kishtar\u00ebve udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs t\u00eb orthodhoksis\u00eb, si n\u00eb Rusi ashtu edhe n\u00eb zot\u00ebrimin turk, q\u00eb ishin: ose pro-roman, ose pro-protestant, duke mbrojtur ose pozicionet latine ose t\u00eb reform\u00ebs n\u00eb teologji, devotshm\u00ebri dhe administrimin kishtar, ishte tipike e koh\u00ebs. Tradita e gjall\u00eb e Kish\u00ebs kishte humbur n\u00ebp\u00ebr rrethanat historike. Udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse ishin t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb zgjidhnin dhe t\u00eb mbronin pozicione q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb huaja p\u00ebr frym\u00ebn dhe p\u00ebrmbajtjen e Orthodhoksis\u00eb patristike tradicionale dhe sinodale.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rusia: Epoka e Pet\u00ebrsburgut Perandorak<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Periudha dekadente e Epok\u00ebs s\u00eb Pet\u00ebrsburgut Perandorak t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb q\u00eb zgjati deri n\u00eb shekullin e nj\u00ebzet ishte nj\u00eb koh\u00eb rip\u00ebrt\u00ebritje shpirt\u00ebrore n\u00eb Kish\u00eb. Kjo filloi me rizbulimin e par\u00eb t\u00eb burimeve tradicionale orthodhokse brenda rretheve murg\u00ebrore. Pais Veli\u00e7kovski (v. 1794), nj\u00eb murg moldavian, udh\u00ebtoi n\u00eb Malin Athos dhe u kthye n\u00eb Rusi me thesaret e Filokalis\u00eb. Murgu e p\u00ebrktheu antologjin\u00eb n\u00eb sllavishten kishtare. Qysh prej fillimeve t\u00eb tij, u zhvillua tradita ruse e udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsve shpirt\u00ebror\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur stareci ose pleqt\u00eb. Lul\u00ebzimi m\u00eb i madh i k\u00ebtij zhvillimi erdhi n\u00eb shekullin e n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb n\u00eb manastirin e Optin\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Shenjti m\u00eb i shquar i Kish\u00ebs Ruse n\u00eb shekullin e tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb ishte Sh\u00ebn Tikoni i Zadonskit (v. 1783). Tikoni ishte peshkop i Voronezhit q\u00eb e la detyr\u00ebn e tij \u2013 ndoshta po aq shum\u00eb prej d\u00ebshp\u00ebrimit dhe zhg\u00ebnjimit sa edhe prej shend\u00ebtit t\u00eb lig \u2013 p\u00ebr t\u00eb jetuar jet\u00eb murg\u00ebrore. Ai ishte i zhytur thell\u00eb n\u00eb shkrimet e shenjta dhe n\u00eb shkrimet e Et\u00ebrve t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb ato t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Joan Gojartit. Ai i njihte, gjithashtu autor\u00ebt e devotsh\u00ebm t\u00eb krisht\u00ebrimit per\u00ebndimor. Sh\u00ebn Tikoni shkroi shum\u00eb libra, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb Mbi Krisht\u00ebrimin e V\u00ebrtet\u00eb dhe ai pati nj\u00eb let\u00ebrk\u00ebmbim t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr drejtimin shpirt\u00ebror dhe k\u00ebshillimin baritor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Hierarku udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs rus i shekullit ishte Mitropoliti Platon i Mosk\u00ebs (v. 1812), autor i teksteve teologjike; nxit\u00ebs i studimeve historike; dhe arkitekt i planeve p\u00ebr kthimin e Besimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Vjet\u00ebr n\u00eb kungim me Kish\u00ebn Orthodhokse.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Misioni n\u00eb Alask\u00eb<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Gjat\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb misionar\u00ebt rus\u00eb filluan t\u00eb l\u00ebviznin p\u00ebrmes Siberis\u00eb. N\u00eb 1794 murgj\u00ebr prej manastirit t\u00eb Valamit n\u00eb Finland\u00ebn Ruse arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb ishullin e Kodiakut n\u00eb Alaska. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb grup t\u00eb par\u00eb misionar\u00ebsh q\u00eb arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb brigjet e Amerik\u00ebs s\u00eb Veriut ishte Sh\u00ebn Hermani i Alask\u00ebs, shenjti i par\u00eb i kanonizuar i Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Shekulli i tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim ishte nj\u00eb koh\u00eb rigjall\u00ebrimi dhe ekspansioni misionar. Xhon dhe \u00c7arls Uesli (John dhe Charles Wesley, v. 1791 dhe 1788) filluan l\u00ebvizjen Metodiste n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn e Anglis\u00eb q\u00eb vazhdoi n\u00eb \u201czgjimin e madh\u201d n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb. \u201cZgjimi\u201d ishte nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje rigjall\u00ebrimi kushtuar prishjes s\u00eb ndarjeve nd\u00ebrmjet kishave t\u00eb ndryshme protestante. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb besimtar\u00ebt protestant\u00eb jan\u00eb thirrur n\u00eb bashkim n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet besimit n\u00eb Jisuin si nj\u00eb Shp\u00ebtimtar personal. Xhonatan Eduards (Jonatan Edwards, v. 1758) dhe Xhorxh Uajtfilld (George Whitefield, v. 1770) ishin udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e k\u00ebsaj l\u00ebvizje rigjall\u00ebruese n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb deizmi ishte popullor n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb dhe n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb. Deizmi ishte nj\u00eb\u00a0 produkt i periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb iluminizmit dhe romantizmit, q\u00eb pohonte ekzistenc\u00ebn e nj\u00eb Qenie Supreme t\u00eb shk\u00ebputur nga bota, jo i vet\u00eb-zbuluar dhe i jo i p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e njer\u00ebzve.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0David Hjum (David Hume, v. 1776) n\u00eb Angli dhe Emanuel Kanti (v. 1804) n\u00eb Gjermani zhvilluan filozofin\u00eb q\u00eb e hiqte Per\u00ebndin\u00eb, lirin\u00eb dhe pavdek\u00ebsin\u00eb nga sfera e arsyes njer\u00ebzore. K\u00ebshtu, krisht\u00ebrimi thjeshtohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb fe t\u00eb besimit personal, t\u00eb p\u00ebrkushtimit t\u00eb devotsh\u00ebm dhe veprimit etik.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Filozofia iluministe ishte pararend\u00ebsja e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb e teologjis\u00eb liberale protestante t\u00eb shekullit n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb. Kjo teologji u udh\u00ebhoq nga \u201cati\u201d i saj, Frederik Shlaiermaker (Frederich Schleiermacher, v. 1834), i cili i shkroi fjalimet e tij p\u00ebr \u201cjobesimtar\u00ebt e kulturuar\u201d t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, duke i thirrur ata te nj\u00eb \u201cndijim\u201d fetar… shprehja m\u00eb e madhe e t\u00eb cilit ishte feja e Jisuit.\u00a0Arritja m\u00eb e madhe frym\u00ebzuese shpirt\u00ebrore e krisht\u00ebrimit per\u00ebndimor n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb shekull ishte muzika e J.S. Bah (v. 1750), G.F. Handel (v. 1759), W.F. Moxart (v. 1791) dhe L. Von Beethoven (v. 1827).\u00a0Kisha Romane e shekullit t\u00eb tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb p\u00ebrjetoi si nj\u00eb ekspansion t\u00eb madh misionar ashtu edhe nj\u00eb konflikt t\u00eb madh me frym\u00ebn iluministe q\u00eb \u00e7oi n\u00eb revolucionin kund\u00ebr Kish\u00ebs dhe Shtetit n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb dhe n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb. N\u00eb 1773 urdh\u00ebri jezuit u shp\u00ebrnda nga papa n\u00ebn presionin shekullar. Shum\u00eb nga jezuit\u00ebt gjet\u00ebn strehim n\u00eb Rusin\u00eb e Katerin\u00ebs II t\u00eb Madhe. Ajo ishte nj\u00eb ithtare e frym\u00ebs s\u00eb iluminizmit francez, duke mbyllur gjysm\u00ebn e manastireve gjat\u00eb mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb saj. Ajo i konfiskoi t\u00eb gjitha pronat e manastireve dhe i kufizoi s\u00eb tep\u00ebrmi \u2013 me masa administrative dhe ligjore \u2013 numrin e thirrjeve murg\u00ebrore n\u00eb Kish\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T21:29:08+02:00<\/span>

Vitet 1950-1979<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article><\/section><\/div>
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