{"id":1908,"date":"2012-10-06T10:41:37","date_gmt":"2012-10-06T10:41:37","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-07T20:50:00","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T18:50:00","slug":"shekulli-i-shtatembedhjete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/2012\/10\/06\/shekulli-i-shtatembedhjete\/","title":{"rendered":"Shekulli i Shtat\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rusia: Koha e Trazirave<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb shekullin e shtat\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb Rusia hyri n\u00eb \u201ckoh\u00ebn e trazirave\u201d. Boris Godonov, i cili sundoi prej 1598, vdiq n\u00eb 1605. Vasil Shuiski sundoi deri n\u00eb 1610 kur u kuror\u00ebzua nj\u00eb car polak. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj kohe t\u00eb trazimit social, polak\u00ebt e vun\u00eb vendin n\u00ebn kontrollin e tyre. Ata e kap\u00ebn Mosk\u00ebn dhe manastirin e Sh\u00ebn Sergjit. Patriku Gjermogjen, udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi komb\u00ebtar, u burgos dhe e lan\u00eb t\u00eb vdiste nga uria n\u00eb 1612, m\u00eb von\u00eb u kanonizua si shenjt. Qysh prej mbarimit t\u00eb mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Ivanit III, Rusia u rrethua me ngat\u00ebrresa politike, uri dhe fatkeq\u00ebsi komb\u00ebtare. Sh\u00ebn Juliana Osorgini (v. 1604) u lavd\u00ebrua nga Kisha n\u00eb kanonizimin e saj p\u00ebr kujdesin, dashurin\u00eb e saj p\u00ebrd\u00ebllimtare p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb vuanin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rusia: Skizma e Besimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Vjet\u00ebr<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cKoha e trazirave\u201d u pasua n\u00eb Rusin\u00eb e Veriut nga Skizma e Besimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Vjet\u00ebr. Mihal Romanov (v. 1645) u kuror\u00ebzua car n\u00eb 1613. Ati i tij Filareti (v. 1633) u b\u00eb patrik i Kish\u00ebs dhe sundimtari aktual i vendit n\u00eb 1619. Nga 1645-1676 Aleks Romanov, nj\u00eb njeri i devotsh\u00ebm dhe besimtar, sundoi si car. N\u00eb 1652 Aleksi zgjodhi mitropolitin mjaft t\u00eb njohur dhe t\u00eb talentuar t\u00eb Novgorodit, Nikon, si patrik t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Ruse. N\u00eb fillim Nikoni e refuzoi k\u00ebt\u00eb pozit\u00eb. Ai pranoi, kur mori zotimin e udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsve t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb shtetit se ata do t\u2019i bindeshin pa m\u00ebdyshje ungjijve, kanoneve, et\u00ebrve t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs dhe atij personalisht si \u201catit dhe kryebariut\u201d t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Ruse. Gjat\u00eb Kreshm\u00ebs s\u00eb Madhe, n\u00eb 1653, Nikoni filloi reform\u00ebn e praktikave t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs q\u00eb po e coptonin Kish\u00ebn dhe kombin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Reformat e Nikonit ishin t\u00eb arsyeshme dhe jorevolucionare p\u00ebr standartet moderne. Ato k\u00ebrkonin rregullimin e praktikave liturgjike ruse n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me ato t\u00eb Kishave t\u00eb tjera Orthodhokse Lindore. Ato k\u00ebrkonin korrektimin e fjal\u00ebve dhe gabimeve n\u00eb shkrim t\u00eb teksteve liturgjike. Konkretisht, kjo reform\u00eb kishte q\u00ebllim q\u00eb rus\u00ebt: ta b\u00ebnin kryqin me tre gishta n\u00eb vend t\u00eb dy gishtave; ta k\u00ebndonin \u201caliluia\u201d tre her\u00eb gjat\u00eb psalmodis\u00eb n\u00eb vend t\u00eb dy her\u00eb, dhe t\u00eb b\u00ebnte ndryshime t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb ngjashme. N\u00eb Rusin\u00eb e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Nikonit reforma t\u00eb tilla \u2013 q\u00eb duken t\u00eb vogla sot \u2013 ishin shp\u00ebrthyese. Ato e mohonin drejtp\u00ebrdrejt teorin\u00eb e \u201cRom\u00ebs s\u00eb tret\u00eb\u201d dhe praktikave t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs dhe shtetit rus. Ato e vendosnin Orthodhoksin\u00eb Ruse n\u00eb kontrollin e patriarkanave t\u00eb lindjes, q\u00eb aktualisht po vuanin n\u00ebn turqit, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb m\u00ebkateve t\u00eb tyre (sipas mend\u00ebsive ruse).<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb 1657 car Aleksi u kthye nga luftimet n\u00eb frontin polak dhe e gjeti Kish\u00ebn dhe kombin n\u00eb kaos. Kund\u00ebrshtimi ndaj Nikonit kryesohej nga prift\u00ebrinjt\u00eb e enorive, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt vet\u00eb po konsideroheshin \u201creformator\u00eb\u201d, ngaq\u00eb ata kishin k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb kthim nd\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit tek bindja strikte ndaj riteve dhe zakoneve tradicionale t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Ruse. Nikoni, q\u00eb vepronte si regjenti i carit n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb tij kishte besim se Aleksi do ta mb\u00ebshteste n\u00eb veprimet e tij duke d\u00ebnuar ata q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb pabindur ndaj atij si \u201cati dhe kryebariu\u201d i Kish\u00ebs Ruse. Por, cari nuk ishte i k\u00ebnaqur me veprimin e Nikonit. Deklarimi i tij hapur i pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb e b\u00ebri patrikun q\u00eb t\u00eb jepte dor\u00ebheqjen n\u00eb 1658, mbasi e qortoi carin publikisht. Nga ajo koh\u00eb deri n\u00eb 1666 Rusia nuk pati patrik.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Aleksi u p\u00ebrpoq t\u00eb pajtohej me Nikonin, por m\u00eb kot. N\u00eb 1666 patrik\u00ebt e Lindjes u k\u00ebshilluan. Nj\u00eb sinod u thirr n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb, i kryesuar nga peshkop\u00ebt e Aleksandris\u00eb dhe Antiokis\u00eb. Ai u kurdis nga mitropoliti i paskrupullt i Gaz\u00ebs Pais Ligaridhi. S\u00eb pari, sinodi \u00e7kish\u00ebroi kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt e reform\u00ebs s\u00eb Nikonit \u2013 disa milion\u00eb besimtar\u00eb \u2013 nga Kisha. K\u00ebta kund\u00ebrshtar\u00eb t\u00eb Nikonit, t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequr nga Kryeprifti Avakum, u quajt\u00ebn Besimtar\u00ebt e Vjet\u00ebr ose Ritualist\u00ebt e Vjet\u00ebr. Pastaj sinodi e zhveshi Nikonin p\u00ebr dezertimin nga detyra dhe p\u00ebr mosrespektin e treguar ndaj carit. Sinodi nuk e pranoi zyrtarisht Sinodin e Nj\u00ebqind Kapitujve q\u00eb ishte mbajtur n\u00eb 1551 \u2013 m\u00eb i nderuari nga sobor\u00ebt e Kish\u00ebs Ruse. K\u00ebshtu sinodi i 1666-1667 e mohoi teorin\u00eb e \u201cRom\u00ebs s\u00eb tret\u00eb\u201d dhe supremacin\u00eb e pretenduar t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Ruse mbi t\u00eb gjitha Kishat e tjera.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Nikoni mbeti n\u00ebn arrest derisa vdiq, n\u00eb 1681. Ndon\u00ebse ai kurr\u00eb nuk e ndryshoi pozicionin e tij dhe kurr\u00eb nuk e braktisi kund\u00ebrshtimin e tij ndaj sinodit t\u00eb 1666-1667, ai u varros n\u00eb kish\u00eb me gjith\u00eb dinjitetin patriarkal. Kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt e Nikonit, Besimtar\u00ebt e Vjet\u00ebr sektar\u00eb, nuk e pranuan sinodin dhe shkuan n\u00eb skiz\u00ebm me Kish\u00ebn zyrtare Ruse. Udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit e tyre, si Avakumi, u ndoq\u00ebn dhe u persekutuan mizorisht. Ata u internuan dhe u d\u00ebnuan me pun\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb, gj\u00eb q\u00eb i b\u00ebri t\u00eb dashur n\u00eb masat e popullit t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e mbajt\u00ebn frym\u00ebn e tyre rigoroze, konservative dhe t\u00eb paepur. Kryeprifti Avakum u dogj i gjall\u00eb s\u00eb bashku me tre mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs t\u00eb tij, n\u00eb 1682, p\u00ebr \u201cblasfemi t\u00eb r\u00ebnda… t\u00eb l\u00ebshuara kund\u00ebr carit dhe familjes s\u00eb tij.\u201d Autobiografia e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb klasike n\u00eb literatur\u00ebn ruse.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb 1682 Pjetri i Madh u b\u00eb car. P\u00ebrpjekja e tij ekstreme dhe e dhunshme p\u00ebr ta oksidentalizuar Rusin\u00eb dhe kund\u00ebrv\u00ebnia e tij e ashp\u00ebr ndaj m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs tradicionale ruse i b\u00ebn\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt t\u00eb mendonin p\u00ebr t\u00eb si Anti-Krishti. Besimtar\u00ebt e Vjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00ebn e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur t\u00eb past\u00ebr besimin orthodhoks dhe ritualet e Rusis\u00eb, arrit\u00ebn t\u2019i ruanin format e vjetra ruse t\u00eb ikonografis\u00eb dhe psalljes liturgjike, t\u00eb cilat, p\u00ebrndryshe do t\u00eb kishin humbur n\u00eb histori.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uniatizmi<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb shekullin e shtat\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, n\u00eb jug t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb, uniatizmi vazhdonte me forc\u00eb, ndon\u00ebse nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e madhe e territorit ishte rifituar nga rus\u00ebt. V\u00ebllaz\u00ebrit\u00eb laike n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb dhe Galici i sh\u00ebrbyen mir\u00eb Orthodhoksis\u00eb gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj kohe, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet kund\u00ebrshtimit t\u00eb tyre absolut t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes unite. Nd\u00ebrmjet k\u00ebtyre udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsve laik\u00eb ishin: Konstandin Ostrozhski (v. 1608) dhe Mileti Smotritski, i cili shkroi Vajtimet e Kish\u00ebs s\u00eb Lindjes n\u00eb 1610.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pjet\u00ebr Mogila<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb 1615 u themelua Akademia Teologjike e Kievit. N\u00eb 1620, Theofani, patrik i Jerusalemit, fshehtazi prej qeveris\u00eb, dor\u00ebzoi shtat\u00eb peshkop\u00eb p\u00ebr orthodhoks\u00ebt. N\u00eb 1633 Vladislavi IV, pasardh\u00ebsi i Sigismundit, dha lejen p\u00ebr nj\u00eb mitropolit orthodhoks t\u00eb Kievit. U zgjodh Pjet\u00ebr Mogila (v. 1647), njeriu kryesues i shkoll\u00ebs teologjike t\u00eb Kievit. Mogila ishte nj\u00eb anti-roman i zjarrt\u00eb, por ai ishte shkolluar n\u00eb shkollat latine dhe kishte nj\u00eb respekt t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr m\u00ebsimin skolastik latin. N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet veprave t\u00eb tij t\u00eb shumta, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinin dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkthim n\u00eb sllavisht t\u00eb katekizmit t\u00eb jezuitit Kanisius dhe nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbesash prift\u00ebrore, ndikimet latine hyn\u00eb n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn Orthodhokse n\u00eb formulime doktrinale dhe praktika liturgjike. Veprat e Mogil\u00ebs u gjykuan t\u00eb pranueshme nga peshkop\u00ebt orthodhoks\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb sinod n\u00eb Kiev (1640) dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb Jashi, n\u00eb Moldavi (1643). Megjithat\u00eb, s\u00eb bashku me forcat oksidentalizuese t\u00eb politikave t\u00eb Pjetrit t\u00eb Madh, ato ishin shkaku kryesor, p\u00ebr pothuaj dyqind vjet rob\u00ebrie nga ndikimet per\u00ebndimore n\u00eb teologjin\u00eb dhe devotshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e popullit orthodhoks.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qiril Lukaris<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Qiril Lukaris (v. 1638), sh\u00ebrbeu si patrik i Aleksandris\u00eb dhe patrik i Konstandinopoj\u00ebs n\u00eb shtat\u00eb raste t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm n\u00ebn turqit, para se ata p\u00ebrfundimisht ta mbysnin at\u00eb. \u201cKonfesioni i besimit\u201d i tij u d\u00ebnua p\u00ebrnj\u00ebher\u00eb nga i nj\u00ebjti sinod i Kish\u00ebs n\u00eb Kiev dhe Jashi, q\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahu orthodhoksin\u00eb e katekizmit t\u00eb Mogil\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb librave t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbesave. \u201cKonfesioni\u201d i Qirilit ishte nj\u00eb pohim besimi t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht kalvinist. N\u00eb 1662 nj\u00eb sinod i patrik\u00ebve t\u00eb Lindjes n\u00eb Jerusalem konfirmoi vendimet e sinodit n\u00eb Jashi dhe publikoi nj\u00eb \u201cKonfesion t\u00eb Besimit t\u00eb Patrik\u00ebve t\u00eb Lindjes\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lindja<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0N\u00eb shekullin e shtat\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb turqit shkat\u00ebrruan pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb e Kishave serbe dhe bullgare. Ata i n\u00ebnshtruan ato drejtp\u00ebdrejt n\u00ebn Konstandinopoj\u00ebn, duke vendosur k\u00ebshtu sundimin \u201cfanariot\u201d grek mbi t\u00eb krishter\u00ebt orthodhokse jo-grek\u00eb t\u00eb perandoris\u00eb turke. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb, n\u00eb Rusi, peshkopi Sh\u00ebn Dimitri i Rostovit (v. 1709) publikoi shkrimet e tij shpirt\u00ebrore q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb nj\u00eb botim dymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb v\u00ebllimesh t\u00eb Jet\u00ebve t\u00eb Shenjtor\u00ebve. Igumeni i shenjt\u00eb, Sh\u00ebn Jobi (v. 1651) i manastirit t\u00eb Po\u00e7aevit jetoi, gjithashtu n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb per\u00ebndim popujt po e rimerrnin veten nga trazirat fetare t\u00eb reform\u00ebs dhe kund\u00ebr-reform\u00ebs. Amerika po kolonizohej nga sektar\u00eb fetar\u00eb nga Anglia: Puritan\u00eb, Kongregacionalist\u00eb, Baptist\u00eb dhe Kuekers, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb Shoq\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Miqve, themeluar nga Xhorxh Foks (George Fox, v. 1691). N\u00eb 1611 n\u00eb Angli, u botua Versioni i Mbretit Xheims i Bibl\u00ebs. Kisha Romane e k\u00ebsaj kohe u turbullua nga l\u00ebvizja e Jansenizmit, doktrin\u00eb e cila mbronte pik\u00ebpamjen se hiri u jepet vet\u00ebm t\u00eb zgjedhurve t\u00eb Per\u00ebndis\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb, n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, Vinsent d\u00eb Pol (Vincent de Paul, v. 1660) themeloi urdh\u00ebrin e tij p\u00ebrkushtuar n\u00eb veprat e bamir\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe sh\u00ebrbimit ndaj t\u00eb varf\u00ebrve dhe t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00ebve.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T21:29:08+02:00<\/span>

Vitet 1950-1979<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article><\/section><\/div>
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