{"id":1900,"date":"2012-10-14T10:35:26","date_gmt":"2012-10-14T10:35:26","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-07T20:23:29","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T18:23:29","slug":"shekulli-i-nente","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/2012\/10\/14\/shekulli-i-nente\/","title":{"rendered":"Shekulli i N\u00ebnt\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mbarimi i Debatit mbi Ikonat
\n<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Mbas sinodit t\u00eb 787 n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin u mbrojt zyrtarisht nderimi i ikonave n\u00eb Kish\u00eb, dol\u00ebn sundimtar\u00eb t\u00eb rinj perandorak\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt i sulmuan p\u00ebrs\u00ebri si nderimin ashtu edhe nderuesit e imazheve t\u00eb shenjta. Kur perandoresha Irena vdiq, n\u00eb 802, u b\u00eb perandor Leo Armeni. N\u00eb 815 ai urdh\u00ebroi q\u00eb ikonat e kishave t\u00eb vendoseshin n\u00eb vende ku besnik\u00ebt nuk mundt\u2019iarrinin dhe k\u00ebshtu, ata nuk mund t\u2019i nderonin dhe t\u2019i puthnin. N\u00eb t\u00eb Diel\u00ebn e Dafin\u00ebs, t\u00eb vitit 815, Sh\u00ebn Theodhori, igumeni i Manastirit t\u00eb madh t\u00eb Studios n\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00eb, udh\u00ebhoqi nj\u00eb procesion publik me ikonat e shenjta. Ky procesion shkaktoi sulmin perandorak, tortura dhe vrasje. Vet\u00ebm n\u00eb 843, me ardhjen n\u00eb fron t\u00eb Perandoresh\u00ebs Theodhora, n\u00ebn udh\u00ebheqjen e Patrikut Metodit, ikonat e shenjta u kthyen nj\u00ebher\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb Kish\u00eb. Ky kthim zyrtar i ikonave, t\u00eb Diel\u00ebn e Par\u00eb t\u00eb Kreshm\u00ebs n\u00eb at\u00eb vit, sh\u00ebnoi fillimin e kremtimit vjetor t\u00eb fest\u00ebs s\u00eb triumfit t\u00eb Orthodhoksis\u00eb q\u00eb mbahet akoma edhe sot.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Kirili dhe Metodi:\u00a0 Misioni tek Sllav\u00ebt
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb mes t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb Patriku i Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, Sh\u00ebn Foti, d\u00ebrgoi misionar\u00eb n\u00eb Moravi p\u00ebr t\u2019i sjell\u00eb n\u00eb besimin e krishter\u00eb popujt sllav\u00eb. V\u00ebllez\u00ebrit grek\u00eb, Konstandini dhe Metodi, arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb Moravi, n\u00eb 863. Konstandini kishte krijuar tashm\u00eb nj\u00eb alfabet sllav \u2013 i quajtur tani Sllavishte e Vjet\u00ebr ose Bullgarishte e Vjet\u00ebr \u2013 q\u00eb v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit e p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer librat e Kish\u00ebs n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn sllave. Vepra e tyre q\u00ebndronte n\u00eb m\u00ebsimin e alfabetit, futjen e librave liturgjik\u00eb dhe ritual\u00eb dhe duke p\u00ebrgatitur njer\u00ebz p\u00ebr prift\u00ebri.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Misioni i Konstandinit dhe Metodit krijoi armiq\u00ebsi me misionar\u00ebt frank\u00eb t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Latine, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kishin ardhur n\u00eb Moravi m\u00eb par\u00eb. Ata besonin se gjuh\u00ebt zyrtare n\u00eb Kish\u00eb duhej t\u00eb ishin vet\u00ebm hebraishtja, latinishtja dhe greqishtja. Ata nuk besonin se gjuha sllave duhej t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbesat kishtare. K\u00ebshtu, Konstandini dhe Metodi shkuan n\u00eb Rom\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 869 p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur pun\u00ebn e tyre, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebrdorimin e gjuh\u00ebs vendase n\u00eb liturgji. Papa Adrian II i bekoi misionar\u00ebt grek\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Konstandini vdiq n\u00eb 869. Pak para se t\u00eb vdiste ai u b\u00eb murg, duke marr\u00eb emrin Kiril, me t\u00eb cilin njihet si nj\u00eb shenjt n\u00eb Kish\u00eb dhe prej t\u00eb cilit mori emrin edhe alfabeti Kirilik.\u00a0Metodi u caktua si peshkop i Panonis\u00eb. Kur ai u kthye n\u00eb pun\u00ebn e tij misionare, ai u arrestua nga kleri franko-gjerman me ndihm\u00ebn e Luigj Gjermanit. N\u00eb vitin 873 kur Papa Joan mori vesh se \u00e7far\u00eb i kishte ndodhur Metodit, k\u00ebrkoi lirimin e tij. Por mbas vdekjes s\u00eb Metodit n\u00eb 885, puna e tij u shkat\u00ebrrua nga pushteti franko-gjermanik. Shumica e nx\u00ebn\u00ebsve t\u00eb tij u arrestuan, internuan ose u shit\u00ebn n\u00eb skllav\u00ebri. Disa ik\u00ebn n\u00eb Bullgari ku Sh\u00ebn Klementi dhe Sh\u00ebn Naumi b\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb madhe misionare tek njer\u00ebzit atje. Bullgar\u00ebt n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb po merrnin besimin e krishter\u00eb. Ata u lidh\u00ebn me Kish\u00ebn e Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, n\u00eb 870. Puna e Sh\u00ebn Kirilit dhe Metodit, \u201cungjillizimi i sllav\u00ebve,\u201d vazhdoi prej Bullgaris\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr Serbi dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht n\u00eb Kiev dhe n\u00eb Rusin\u00eb Veriore n\u00eb shekujt q\u00eb pasuan.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00c7\u00ebshtja Filioque
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 P\u00ebrplasja nd\u00ebrmjet Lindjes dhe Per\u00ebndimit nuk ishte vet\u00ebm rreth misionit te sllav\u00ebt. Ajo kishte rr\u00ebnj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb thella n\u00eb rolin q\u00eb sundonj\u00ebsit e rinj frank\u00eb dhe gjerman\u00eb po luanin n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore dhe n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore.\u00a0N\u00eb vitin 800, dit\u00ebn e Krishtlindjes, Karli i Madh u kuror\u00ebzua perandor nga Papa i Rom\u00ebs. N\u00eb 792 sundonj\u00ebsi i ri i kishte d\u00ebrguar tashm\u00eb Librat Karolin\u00eb t\u00eb tij (Libri Carolini) tek Papa Adrian I. Arsyeja e Karlit t\u00eb Madh p\u00ebr t\u00eb sulmuar Kish\u00ebn e Lindjes ishte, sepse kjo ishte e vetmja m\u00ebnyr\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ai mund ta diskreditonte perandorin e Lindjes dhe k\u00ebshtu, ai vet\u00eb mund t\u00eb njihej si i vetmi sundonj\u00ebs n\u00eb krisht\u00ebrim. N\u00eb vizionin e tij t\u00eb Perandoris\u00eb s\u00eb Re Romane, Karli i Madh donte t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Lindjen s\u00eb bashku me t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Per\u00ebndimin.\u00a0N\u00eb vitin 808, Papa i Rom\u00ebs\u00a0 Leo III reagoi kund\u00ebr akuzave t\u00eb Karlit t\u00eb Madh kund\u00ebr Lindjes. Ai e vendosi besoren, pa Filioque-n n\u00eb tabela argjendi n\u00eb dyert e Sh\u00ebn Pjetrit.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Papati
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Ndon\u00ebse p\u00ebrpjekja e Karlit t\u00eb Madh p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur sundimin mbi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb krisht\u00ebrimin nuk u arrit, pap\u00ebt e Rom\u00ebs filluan t\u00eb shtrin\u00eb qeverimin e tyre kishtar n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Per\u00ebndimin. Pap\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb si Nikolla I (858-867) e ushtruan autoritetin e tyre mbi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb peshkop\u00ebt n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, duke e ulur ndikimin e autoriteteve laike dhe decentralizimin e favorizuar nga mitropolit\u00ebt lokal\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb proces ata u ndihmuan nga Dekretet e Rreme, dokumente q\u00eb pretendonin t\u00eb ishin letra t\u00eb pap\u00ebve t\u00eb par\u00eb, por, n\u00eb fakt, ishin fallsifikime franke t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, e ashtuquajtura Dhurat\u00eb e Konstandinit e b\u00ebri t\u00eb njohur ndikimin e saj. Kjo pretendonte se perandori Konstandin, n\u00eb shekullin e kat\u00ebrt, i kishte dh\u00ebn\u00eb disa fuqi dhe privilegje peshkop\u00ebve roman\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe kontrollin shekullor mbi territoret rrotull Rom\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb von\u00eb u quajt\u00ebn shtetet papale.<\/p>\n

Foti, Patriku i Konstandinopoj\u00ebs<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Prej 861-886 ndodhi p\u00ebrplasja e par\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet Kishave t\u00eb Lindjes dhe Per\u00ebndimit. N\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00eb ishin dy parti q\u00eb po luftonin p\u00ebr pushtet n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet fetare dhe civile, t\u00eb ashtuquajtur\u00ebt zellot\u00ebt ose konservator\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb moderuarit. P\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs t\u00eb aft\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb restauronte paqen n\u00eb Kish\u00eb, nj\u00eb laik, i quajtur Foti, u ngrit n\u00eb detyr\u00ebn e patrikut. Ekstremist\u00ebt e t\u00eb ashtuquajtur\u00ebs parti konservatore nuk ishin t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur. Ata apeluan n\u00eb Rom\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrdorur emrin e mir\u00eb e patrikut t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm Ignat \u2013 i cili ishte t\u00ebrhequr paq\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb mir\u00ebn e Kish\u00ebs \u2013 kund\u00ebr Fotit dhe pushtetit perandorak q\u00eb e kishte konfirmuar zgjedhjen e tij. Papa Nikolla p\u00ebrfitoi nga rasti i apelit ekstremist p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyr\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e Kish\u00ebs s\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, duke thirrur nj\u00eb sinod n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb qytet, n\u00eb 861 p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur grindjen. Kur legat\u00ebt papal erdh\u00ebn n\u00eb sinod, ata pan\u00eb se Foti ishte patriku i ligjsh\u00ebm dhe gjith\u00e7ka u zgjidh paq\u00ebsisht. Por, kur legat\u00ebt e kthyen n\u00eb Rom\u00eb, papa Nikolla e kund\u00ebrshtoi vendimin e tyre dhe mbajti nj\u00eb sinod tjet\u00ebr, k\u00ebsaj radhe n\u00eb Rom\u00eb, n\u00eb 863, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin ai e shpalli Ignatin si peshkop i Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, duke e hequr Fotin. Veprimet e tij nuk u p\u00ebrfill\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb 866 dhe 867 Kisha bullgare po luhatej nd\u00ebrmjet Konstandinopoj\u00ebs dhe Rom\u00ebs. N\u00eb 867, n\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00eb, Foti dhe nj\u00eb sinod prej pes\u00ebqind peshkop\u00ebsh, e d\u00ebnuan pap\u00ebn Nikolla p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrhyrjen n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e Kish\u00ebs bullgare. Por n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit pati nj\u00eb ndryshim tjet\u00ebr politik n\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00eb. Vasili I u b\u00eb perandor duke vrar\u00eb parardh\u00ebsin e tij dhe mbrojt\u00ebsin e tij t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm, dhe p\u00ebr arsye politike Ignati u rivendos si patrik n\u00eb vend t\u00eb Fotit. N\u00eb 869 Papa Adrian II, pasuesi i Nikoll\u00ebs e \u00e7kish\u00ebroi Fotin p\u00ebrs\u00ebri p\u00ebr rolin e tij n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjen bullgare. Por, n\u00eb 877 situata ndryshoi. Foti, i cili nuk ishte kund\u00ebr perandorit t\u00eb ri, u b\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri Patrik, kur i nderuari Ignat vdiq.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb 879, nj\u00eb sinod i madh u mblodh n\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00eb, ku mor\u00ebn pjes\u00eb edhe legat\u00ebt papal. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sinod, t\u00eb kryesuar nga Foti, privilegjet tradicional\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebs s\u00eb Rom\u00ebs n\u00eb Lindje u qart\u00ebsuan nga Foti dhe u pranuan nga Papa Joani VIII, i cili ishte papa i ri. Sinodet e 863 dhe 869 q\u00eb d\u00ebnuan Fotin u konsideruan t\u00eb pavlefsh\u00ebm. Sinodi i 787 u pranua si Sinodi i Shtat\u00eb Ekumenik. Besorja u afirmua pa Filioque-n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Foti u kanonizua zyrtarisht si shenjt nga Kisha Orthodhokse n\u00eb shekullin e dhjet\u00eb. Ai ishte nj\u00eb njeri me shum\u00eb talente. Ai ishte nj\u00eb teolog i madh q\u00eb shkroi shum\u00eb, sidomos n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjen e Filioque-s, duke mbrojtur burimin e Shpirtit t\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb vet\u00ebm prej Atit. Ai ishte nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpilues i shkrimeve klasike dhe patristike. Ai sponsorizoi misionin tek sllav\u00ebt. Mbrojti Tradit\u00ebn autentike t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs n\u00eb p\u00ebrballjen me pretendimet e ekzagjeruara t\u00eb Nikoll\u00ebs, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb duke ruajtur unitetin me Kish\u00ebn e Rom\u00ebs dhe pap\u00ebn Joani VIII. Ai ishte nj\u00eb diplomat i shk\u00eblqyer n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet politike, me p\u00ebrunj\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe diturin\u00eb e tij ai fitoi respektin e njer\u00ebzve dashamir\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha an\u00ebt e Lindjes dhe Per\u00ebndimit. Sh\u00ebn Foti ishte nj\u00ebri prej peshkop\u00ebve me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj n\u00eb historin\u00eb e Kish\u00ebs s\u00eb krishter\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Zhvillimi Liturgjik
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb shekullin e n\u00ebnt\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr shenjt i madh, Sh\u00ebn Theodhori i Studios, ishte p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr zhvillimin liturgjik. Sh\u00ebn Theodhori ishte igumen i manastirit t\u00eb Studios n\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00eb i cili kishte, gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, rreth nj\u00ebqind mij\u00eb murgj\u00ebr n\u00eb drejtimin e tij. Ai njihet p\u00ebr mbrojtjen q\u00eb u b\u00ebri ikonave t\u00eb shenjta dhe p\u00ebr rolin e tij n\u00eb zhvillimin e adhurimit liturgjik orthodhoks. Tipikoja liturgjike, rregulli i adhurimit publik n\u00eb manastirin e Studios, u b\u00eb rregulli normativ p\u00ebr t\u00ebr\u00eb Kish\u00ebn Orthodhokse qysh prej shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb. Librat e sh\u00ebrbesave p\u00ebr Kreshm\u00ebn e Madhe dhe Pashk\u00ebn, Triodi dhe Pes\u00ebdhjetorja, jan\u00eb pothuaj, krejt\u00ebsisht, pun\u00eb e murgj\u00ebrve Studit\u00eb, nd\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebt m\u00eb i famshmi \u00ebsht\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Josif Himnografi.\u00a0Gjithashtu, daton prej shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb, nj\u00eb kopje e Liturgjis\u00eb Hyjnore t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Joan Gojartit e cila e ka liturgjin\u00eb e besnik\u00ebve, gati, pothuaj n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn form\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn b\u00ebhet sot n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn Orthodhokse.<\/p>\n

Kodi Ligjor<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb, Perandori Vasil I, filloi nj\u00eb kodifikim t\u00eb ri t\u00eb ligjit civil. Nj\u00eb nga veprat q\u00eb doli nga kjo pun\u00eb ishte Epanagogjia. Aty u riafirmua sistemi i \u201csinfonis\u00eb\u201d ose unitetit nd\u00ebrmjet kish\u00ebs dhe shtetit.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Duke folur n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, shekulli i n\u00ebnt\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb nga shekujt m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb historin\u00eb e Kish\u00ebs. Ishte nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb rilindjeje n\u00eb Lindje, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim ishte nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb e rritjes s\u00eb centralizimit rreth papatit roman. I vetmi teolog p\u00ebr t\u2019u p\u00ebrmendur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim ishte Joan Skot Erigena (v. 877), i cili e solli influenc\u00ebn e madhe t\u00eb teologjis\u00eb Lindore t\u00eb Dionisit dhe t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Maksimit n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T20:46:12+02:00<\/span>

Shekulli i Pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article>
Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T20:48:10+02:00<\/span>

Shekulli i Gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article>
Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T20:50:00+02:00<\/span>

Shekulli i Shtat\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article>
Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T20:52:23+02:00<\/span>

Shekulli i Tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article>
Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T20:54:28+02:00<\/span>

Shekulli i N\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article>
Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T20:57:34+02:00<\/span>

Shekulli i Nj\u00ebzet\u00eb – Vitet 1900-1925<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article>
Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T21:00:14+02:00<\/span>

Vitet 1925-1950<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article>
Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T21:29:08+02:00<\/span>

Vitet 1950-1979<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article><\/section><\/div>
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