{"id":1898,"date":"2012-10-07T10:40:51","date_gmt":"2012-10-07T10:40:51","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-07T20:48:10","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T18:48:10","slug":"shekulli-i-gjashtembedhjete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/2012\/10\/07\/shekulli-i-gjashtembedhjete\/","title":{"rendered":"Shekulli i Gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rusia gjat\u00eb sundimit t\u00eb Ivanit t\u00eb Tmerrsh\u00ebm
\n<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb Rusi, n\u00eb shekullin e gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, teoria e \u201cRom\u00ebs s\u00eb tret\u00eb\u201d u b\u00eb nj\u00eb realitet politik. Murgu Filothe i Pskovit e informoi car Vasilin III (1505-1533) p\u00ebr vizionin e tij, bazuar n\u00eb librin e Danielit, se carizmi rus do t\u00eb ishte mbret\u00ebria e fundit tok\u00ebsore e Popullit t\u00eb Per\u00ebndis\u00eb. Roma e par\u00eb ra nga herezia. Roma e dyt\u00eb, Konstandinopoja, ra nga m\u00ebkati. Roma e tret\u00eb, Moska, po q\u00ebndron. Nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb Rom\u00eb t\u00eb kat\u00ebrt.\u00a0Car Ivani IV, i Tmershmi (1533-1584), e themeloi mbret\u00ebrimin e tij mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb baz\u00eb. Ai u kuror\u00ebzua car n\u00eb 1547 si pasues i perandorit bizantin. Ai i persekutoi armiqt\u00eb e tij mizorisht ngaq\u00eb ai i vuri n\u00ebn kontrollin e tij personal si Kish\u00ebn ashtu edhe shtetin. Nd\u00ebrmjet viktimave t\u00eb shumta t\u00eb Ivanit ishte Mitropoliti Filip i Mosk\u00ebs. Ai u mbyt nga xhelat\u00ebt e carit n\u00eb 1568 p\u00ebr kund\u00ebrshtimin e tij t\u00eb hapur ndaj veprimeve t\u00eb sundonj\u00ebsit t\u00eb marr\u00eb. Filipi \u00ebsht\u00eb kanonizuar qysh her\u00ebt nga Kisha si shenjt.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb 1547-1549 Kisha e Rusis\u00eb kanonizoi zyrtarisht shum\u00eb shenjtor\u00eb nga an\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb vendit, duke e p\u00ebrdorur nderimin e k\u00ebtyre njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb \u2013 t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin nderuar m\u00eb par\u00eb vet\u00ebm lokalisht \u2013 si mjet p\u00ebr unifikimin komb\u00ebtar. N\u00eb 1551, Sinodi i Nj\u00ebqind Kapitujve \u2013 Sobori Stoglav \u2013 e afirmoi m\u00eb tej supremacin\u00eb e Orthodhoksis\u00eb Ruse mbi Kishat e tjera Orthodhokse t\u00eb Lindjes.\u00a0Mbasi rus\u00ebt i mund\u00ebn turqit n\u00eb Kazan, n\u00eb 1551, Ivani nd\u00ebrtoi t\u00eb famshmen Kish\u00eb t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Vasilit n\u00eb Kremlinin e Mosk\u00ebs n\u00eb nderim t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Vasilit, moskovitit t\u00eb Marr\u00eb p\u00ebr Krishtin (v. 1552). Kjo kish\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur p\u00ebr kombinimin e stilit t\u00eb krishter\u00eb dhe oriental.\u00a0Gjat\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Ivanit, ati i tij shpirt\u00ebror ishte prifti Silvest\u00ebr. Shum\u00eb nga reformat e para t\u00eb Ivanit udh\u00ebhiqeshin nga ky bari i thjesht\u00eb. Silvestri ishte kontribuesi kryesor i librit t\u00eb quajtur Domostroi ose Sht\u00ebpi-nd\u00ebrtuesi, q\u00eb i m\u00ebsonte familjeve t\u00eb krishtera ruse sesi duhej t\u2019i rregullonin jet\u00ebt e tyre sipas praktikave rituale dhe etike t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse. Domostroi ishte nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr shum\u00eb popullor, i cili ndikoi breza t\u00eb familjeve ruse. Ivani e internoi Silvestrin n\u00eb 1559.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Gjithashtu, gjat\u00eb mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Ivanit t\u00eb Tmerrsh\u00ebm, Mitropoliti Makario i Mosk\u00ebs (1542-1563) shkroi dymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb v\u00ebllime t\u00eb quajtura K\u00ebndimet Mujore. Kjo ishte nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje e madhe e komentar\u00ebve mbi Bibl\u00ebn, jet\u00ebt e shenjtor\u00ebve, predikimeve dhe materialeve t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebr lexime shpirt\u00ebrore. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb \u201cjo-zot\u00ebruesi\u201d Sh\u00ebn Maksim Greku (v. 1556) u burgos dhe u torturua p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpjekjen e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb rishqyrtuar dhe korrigjuar librat liturgjik\u00eb t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Ruse. Sh\u00ebn Guri (Gury v. 1563), peshkop i Kazanit, po kryente misionet e tij nd\u00ebr fiset e Siberis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rusia gjat\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Theodhorit<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Gjat\u00eb mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb birit t\u00eb Ivanit, Theodhorit, Patriku i Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, Jeremia II, erdhi n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar ndihm\u00eb. Kisha e Patriarkan\u00ebs s\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00ebs ishte n\u00ebn pushtetin e turqve. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00ebn presionin e duksh\u00ebm t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj situate, patriku e njohu peshkopin moskovit, Job, si patrikun e gjith\u00eb Rusis\u00eb, n\u00eb 1589. Ky ishte patriku i par\u00eb i Rusis\u00eb. Dokumenti i vendosjes s\u00eb patrikut t\u00eb ri ishte pothuaj nj\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritje e profecis\u00eb s\u00eb Filotheut rreth Mosk\u00ebs si Roma e tret\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, teoria, e cila u b\u00eb praktik\u00eb n\u00ebn Ivanin III, u afirmua tani, zyrtarisht nga prelati m\u00eb i lart\u00eb n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn Orthodhokse. N\u00eb 1593 Kisha Ruse mori aprovimin e statusit t\u00eb saj si patriarkan\u00eb nga peshkop\u00ebt e Jerusalemit, Aleksandris\u00eb dhe Antiokis\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, u njoh, zyrtarisht si e pesta n\u00eb nderim nd\u00ebr patriarkanat orthodhokse.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Unioni i Brest-Litovskit<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Shekulli i gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb pa zhvillimin e mbret\u00ebris\u00eb Polako-Lituane n\u00eb kufijt\u00eb per\u00ebndimor\u00eb t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb. N\u00eb 1569 Polonia dhe Lituania ishin b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb n\u00ebn Sigismundin. Mbret\u00ebria kishte marr\u00eb segmente t\u00eb tokave ruse n\u00eb lindje deri n\u00eb Kiev \u2013 territore t\u00eb populluara pothuaj, krejt\u00ebsisht nga t\u00eb krishter\u00eb orthodhoks\u00eb. Jezuit\u00ebt kishin hyr\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb territor m\u00eb par\u00eb, duke prur\u00eb m\u00ebsimin dhe praktikat latine. Rezulatat i k\u00ebsaj ishte Unioni i Brest-Litovskit n\u00eb 1596, me an\u00eb t\u00eb cilit peshkop\u00ebt orthodhoks\u00eb t\u00eb zon\u00ebs b\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb bashkim me Kish\u00ebn Romane mbi baz\u00ebn e marr\u00ebveshjes s\u00eb arritur n\u00eb Firence nj\u00eb shekull m\u00eb par\u00eb. Ritet dhe zakonet e Kish\u00ebs p\u00ebr masat e besimtar\u00ebve orthodhoks\u00eb q\u00eb u mor\u00ebn n\u00eb \u201cunia\u201d mbet\u00ebn t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta. Hierarkia kishtare, udh\u00ebheqja klerikale dhe akademike e Kish\u00ebs ishte e vendosur totalisht n\u00ebn disipilin\u00ebn latine dhe doktrin\u00ebn e papatit roman. Ky bashkim i 1596 mbeti, n\u00eb fakt, n\u00eb territoret t\u00eb cilat vazhduan t\u00eb ishin n\u00ebn sundimin e qeverive jo-orthodhokse t\u00eb Polonis\u00eb, Austro-Hungaris\u00eb dhe \u00c7ekosllovakis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Qysh prej fillimit t\u00eb saj l\u00ebvizja uniate u ndesh me nj\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim t\u00eb fort\u00eb. Kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt ishin, kryesisht, orthodhoks\u00eb laik\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb organizuar n\u00eb v\u00ebllaz\u00ebri dhe bekuar nga patriku Jeremia i Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur besimin orthodhoks, qysh prej 1588. N\u00eb fillim l\u00ebvizja anti-uniate u ndihmua nga p\u00ebrdorimi i shtypshkronj\u00ebs s\u00eb Ivan Fedorovit. Ky njeri u p\u00ebrzu nga Moska prej Ivanit III, p\u00ebr shkak \u201czbulimin diabolik\u201d t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Lindja<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 N\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, patrik\u00ebt e Lindjes ishin n\u00eb kontakt me reformator\u00ebt protestant\u00eb n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim. Jeremia II, mbas nj\u00eb studimi t\u00eb kujdessh\u00ebm t\u00eb Konfesionit t\u00eb Augsburgut \u2013 i cili iu d\u00ebrgua atij p\u00ebr shqyrtim – deklaroi fort se m\u00ebsimet Luterjane ishin heretike.\u00a0Gjat\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs periudh\u00eb, Sh\u00ebn Gjergji dhe Sh\u00ebn Joani i Ri (1526) u shtuan n\u00eb list\u00ebn e shenjtor\u00ebve t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs p\u00ebr martirizimin e tyre n\u00ebn mysliman\u00ebt. T\u00eb tjer\u00eb shenjtor\u00eb grek\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj kohe ishin: Sh\u00ebn Visarioni, peshkop i Laris\u00ebs (v. 1541) dhe Sh\u00ebn Filotheu i Athin\u00ebs (v. 1589).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi dhe Reforma Protestante<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi n\u00eb shekullin e gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb kaloi n\u00ebp\u00ebr reform\u00ebn protestante dhe kund\u00ebr-reform\u00ebn e Kish\u00ebs Katolike. Martin Luteri (v. 1545), Zhan Kalvini (v. 1564) dhe Ulrik Zvingli (Ulrich Zwingli, v. 1545) udh\u00ebhoq\u00ebn l\u00ebvizjen reformiste n\u00eb kontinentin evropian. Ata sulmonin abuzimet praktike t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Romane, si edhe m\u00ebsimet e saj zyrtare. Mbreti Henri VIII themeloi Kish\u00ebn Anglikane me an\u00eb t\u00eb Aktit t\u00eb Supremacis\u00eb n\u00eb 1534 dhe Xhon Noks (John Knox, v. 1572) solli besimin kalvinist n\u00eb Skoci.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0Kisha Katolike mbajti Sinodin e Trentos (1561-1563) i cili formuloi zyrtarisht doktrinat e purgatorit, indulgjencave, transubstanciacionin e buk\u00ebs dhe ver\u00ebs n\u00eb eukaristi dhe pozicione t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb sulmuara dhe d\u00ebnuara nga Protestant\u00ebt. Pozicioni protestant bazohet n\u00eb doktrin\u00ebn e justifikimit nga hiri vet\u00ebm n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet besimit. Bibla \u00ebsht\u00eb i vetmi autoritet kishtar, e interpretuar drejtp\u00ebrdrejt nga \u00e7do besimtar n\u00ebn frym\u00ebzimin e Per\u00ebndis\u00eb. Jeta misterore e Kish\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb reduktuar n\u00eb Pag\u00ebzimin dhe Dark\u00ebn e Zotit, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kuptuar kryesisht, si nj\u00eb ushqim p\u00ebrkujtimor, jo n\u00eb kuptimin e flijimit. Sinodi i Trentos riforcoi doktrin\u00ebn e supremacis\u00eb s\u00eb pap\u00ebs s\u00eb Rom\u00ebs dhe autoritetin e hierarkis\u00eb s\u00eb Kish\u00ebs. T\u00eb dyja k\u00ebto doktrina ishin objektet kryesore t\u00eb sulmit protestant.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi dhe Kund\u00ebr-reforma<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Kund\u00ebr-reforma romane u udh\u00ebhoq nga Jezuit\u00ebt. Shoq\u00ebria e Jisuit u themelua n\u00eb 1534 nga Ignati i\u00a0 Lojol\u00ebs (v. 1556) me q\u00ebllimin kryesor p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur papatin roman. Fran\u00e7esk Havier (Francisco Javier, v. 1552) ishte jezuiti i famsh\u00ebm misionar q\u00eb arriti n\u00eb Lindjen e Larg\u00ebt gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe. Jezuiti hollandez Pjet\u00ebr Kanisius (Peter Canisius, v. 1597) e udh\u00ebhoqi kund\u00ebr-reform\u00ebn n\u00eb Gjermani, duke shkruar Katekizmin e tij t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm, i cili u b\u00eb nj\u00eb tekst standart i katolicizmit post-reformist.\u00a0N\u00eb Spanj\u00eb autor\u00ebt mistik\u00eb: Tereza e Avil\u00ebs (v. 1582) dhe Joani i Kryqit (v. 1591) po udh\u00ebhiqnin reform\u00ebn e jet\u00ebs fetare t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Romane. N\u00eb Gjenev\u00eb, peshkopi roman, Fransua de Sal (Fran\u00e7ois de Sales, v. 1622) po shkruante vepr\u00ebn e tij rreth jet\u00ebs shpirt\u00ebrore. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj kohe artisti Tician (v. 1576) po pikturonte dhe muzikanti Palestrina (v. 1594) po prodhonte kompozimet e tij madh\u00ebshtore, t\u00eb cilat u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn Romane.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Vitet 1950-1979<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article><\/section><\/div>
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