{"id":1747,"date":"2012-10-09T10:39:17","date_gmt":"2012-10-09T10:39:17","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2020-05-07T20:44:03","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T18:44:03","slug":"shekulli-i-katermbedhjete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orthodoxalbania.org\/2020\/2012\/10\/09\/shekulli-i-katermbedhjete\/","title":{"rendered":"Shekulli i Kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Grigor Pallamai<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Shekulli i kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb ishte koha e debatit Pallamit n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn e Lindjes. Grigor Pallamai (v. 1359) ishte nj\u00eb murg i Malit Athos. Ai ishte nj\u00eb praktikues i metod\u00ebs s\u00eb lutjes, t\u00eb quajtur hezikastia (hezikia do t\u00eb thot\u00eb qet\u00ebsi). Me an\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj metode personi kryen nj\u00eb disiplin\u00eb trupore t\u00eb rrept\u00eb, me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb bashkoj\u00eb mendjen dhe zemr\u00ebn n\u00eb Per\u00ebndin\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet p\u00ebrs\u00ebritjes s\u00eb vazhdueshm\u00eb t\u00eb emrit t\u00eb Jisuit, zakonisht n\u00eb form\u00ebn e lutjes s\u00eb Jisuit: Zoti Jisu Krisht, Bir i Per\u00ebndis\u00eb, ki m\u00ebshir\u00eb p\u00ebr mua m\u00ebkatarin. N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj metode lutjeje murgj\u00ebrit hezikast\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin t\u00eb fitonin nj\u00eb bashkim t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb me Per\u00ebndin\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb vizionin shpirt\u00ebror t\u00eb Drit\u00ebs s\u00eb Pakrijuar t\u00eb Hyjnis\u00eb, ashtu si e pa Moisiu n\u00eb Malin Sinai dhe apostujt e Krishtit n\u00eb shp\u00ebrfytyrimin e Zotit n\u00eb Malin Tabor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00eb 1326, kalabrezi Barlam, nj\u00eb ish unit grek dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues i tradit\u00ebs humaniste q\u00eb po shfaqej n\u00eb rilindjen per\u00ebndimore, erdhi n\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00eb. Barlami dhe disa humanist\u00eb bizantin\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb ndikuar shum\u00eb nga idet\u00eb per\u00ebndimore filozofike dhe teologjike, talleshin me praktik\u00ebn e lutjes hezikaste. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ata e mohonin mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb t\u00eb ishin n\u00eb nj\u00eb bashkim t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb me Per\u00ebndin\u00eb. N\u00eb 1333 Grigor Pallamai e sulmoi pozicionin e Barlamit dhe mbrojti hezikastin\u00eb. Ai nd\u00ebrtoi doktrin\u00ebn orthodhokse se njeriu mund, me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, ta njoh\u00eb Per\u00ebndin\u00eb dhe mund t\u00eb hyj\u00eb n\u00eb kungim me At\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet Krishtit dhe Shpirtit t\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb n\u00eb Kish\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Esenca dhe Energjia<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nj\u00eb sinod i mbajtur n\u00eb 1346 mbrojti m\u00ebsimin e Grigorit. Murgu i shenjt\u00eb b\u00ebri dallimin e tij t\u00eb njohur nd\u00ebrmjet Esenc\u00ebs s\u00eb panjohshme dhe t\u00eb pakuptueshme t\u00eb Per\u00ebndis\u00eb ose Superesenc\u00ebn e Tij dhe veprimeve ose energjis\u00eb s\u00eb Per\u00ebndis\u00eb t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb pakrijuara dhe hyjnore (si drita hyjnore). K\u00ebto energji u komunikohen njer\u00ebzve me an\u00eb t\u00eb hirit hyjnor dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb hapura ndaj pjes\u00ebmarrjes, njohuris\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore. Mbas disa vitesh trazirash politike dhe debatesh teologjike, sinodet e mbajtura n\u00eb 1347 dhe 1351 (viti n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin Grigori u b\u00eb kryepeshkop i Selanikut), pozicioni i Grigorit u mbrojt si ai i Bibl\u00ebs dhe i Tradit\u00ebs s\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse. Qysh nga ajo koh\u00eb dallimi teologjik nd\u00ebrmjet Superesenc\u00ebs hyjnore dhe energjive hyjnore \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb zyrtare e doktrin\u00ebs s\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse. Grigor Pallamai u kanonizua shenjt i Kish\u00ebs Orthodhokse, n\u00eb 1368 \u2013 n\u00ebnt\u00eb vjet mbas vdekjes s\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Joani V Paleologu dhe Roma<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Perandori kryesor i shekullit t\u00eb kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb Joani V Paleologu (1341-1391) vazhdoi t\u00eb kishte shpres\u00ebn se Per\u00ebndimi do t\u00eb vinte n\u00eb ndihm\u00eb t\u00eb bizantin\u00ebve p\u00ebrball\u00eb presionit gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb turqve n\u00eb Lindje. N\u00eb 1369, Joani, personalisht, hyri n\u00eb kungim me Kish\u00ebn Romane, pa nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje zyrtare p\u00ebr bashkim kishtar. Ky akt nuk solli rezultate t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme p\u00ebr fatet kishtare apo politike t\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rusia<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rus\u00ebt n\u00eb jug vazhdonin t\u00eb ishin n\u00ebn zgjedh\u00ebn tartare. N\u00eb zonat pyjore veriore t\u00eb Moskovit, t\u00eb drejtuara nga princi Joan Kalita (v. 1341) dhe Mitropoliti Aleks, si nj\u00eb\u00a0 qeverim regjent (1353-1378), rus\u00ebt e veriut ishin t\u00eb lir\u00eb dhe vazhdonin t\u00eb p\u00ebrparonin. I v\u00ebrteti \u201cnd\u00ebrtues i Rusis\u00eb\u201d n\u00eb veri n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte Sh\u00ebn Sergji i Radonezhit (v. 1392).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Sergji<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Sergji u lind n\u00eb Rostov, n\u00eb vitin 1314. Ai u b\u00eb murg, n\u00eb 1334, dhe shkoi i vet\u00ebm n\u00eb pyjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb agj\u00ebruar dhe p\u00ebr t\u2019u lutur, duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb paraklisit t\u00eb tij murg\u00ebror emrin e Sh\u00ebn Trinis\u00eb. Shum\u00eb vet\u00eb e ndoq\u00ebn Sh\u00ebn Sergjin, disa p\u00ebr t\u2019u bashkuar me jet\u00ebn e tij murg\u00ebrore dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb jetuar rreth komunitetit t\u00eb tij murg\u00ebror si pioner\u00eb dhe si kolon\u00eb. Sh\u00ebn Sergji ishte jasht\u00ebzakonisht i p\u00ebrunjur. Ai vishej me rrobat m\u00eb t\u00eb varf\u00ebra dhe vazhdimisht punonte p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Ai m\u00ebsonte vet\u00ebm me an\u00eb t\u00eb shembullit, duke iu larguar pozit\u00ebs si igumen \u2013 p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ishte detyruar nga Mitropoliti Aleks \u2013 kur ai e ndjeu se murgj\u00ebrit e kund\u00ebrshtonin udh\u00ebheqjen e tij. Ai ishte nj\u00eb asket i rrept\u00eb, nj\u00eb praktikues i lutjes s\u00eb qet\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb mistik i hir\u00ebsuar me vizione t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyeshme hyjnore dhe me kungim t\u00eb gjall\u00eb me Per\u00ebndin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00eb 1380 Sh\u00ebn Sergji \u2013 me t\u00eb cilin k\u00ebshillohej vazhdimisht Mitropoliti Aleks dhe udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsit komb\u00ebtar\u00eb \u2013 bekoi princin Dimitri Donskoi t\u00eb fillonte betej\u00ebn me tartar\u00ebt. Fitorja e Dimitrit sh\u00ebnoi fillimin e fundit t\u00eb kontrollit tartar mbi tokat ruse. Trash\u00ebgimia e Sh\u00ebn Sergjit p\u00ebr Rusin\u00eb dhe Kish\u00ebn Orthodhokse \u00ebsht\u00eb e pallogaritshme. Nj\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb nga nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit e tij themeluan qendra murg\u00ebrore n\u00eb veri t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb dhe vendet rrotull tyre u banuan dhe u zhvilluan. Jeta shpirt\u00ebrore dhe mistike e Kish\u00ebs Ruse, si edhe lidhja nd\u00ebrmjet Kish\u00ebs dhe jet\u00ebs socio-politike t\u00eb kombit rus n\u00eb koh\u00ebt e m\u00ebvonshme ishte e rr\u00ebnjosur n\u00eb personin dhe vepr\u00ebn e Sergjit t\u00eb Radonezhit.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Stefani i Permit<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 Nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebs i Sh\u00ebn Sergjit, Sh\u00ebn Stefani i Permit (v. 1396) ishte nj\u00eb peshkop i ditur q\u00eb nd\u00ebrmori pun\u00eb misionare n\u00eb fiset ziriane. Ndon\u00ebse vepra e tij nuk mbeti, Sh\u00ebn Stefani krijoi alfabetin zirian dhe p\u00ebrktheu shkrimet e Kish\u00ebs n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e vendasve. K\u00ebshtu, ai kombinoi tradit\u00ebn bizantine t\u00eb nxitjes s\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb Kish\u00ebs lokale dhe l\u00ebnien e bazave shpirt\u00ebrore p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e ardhshme misionare t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs Ruse nd\u00ebr fiset siberiane dhe n\u00eb Japoni dhe Alask\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Andrea Rublev<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0 Sh\u00ebn Andrea Rublev (v.r. 1430), ikonografi m\u00eb i madh rus, dhe, ndoshta ikonografi m\u00eb i madh n\u00eb historin\u00eb orthodhokse, b\u00ebri nj\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb mrekullueshme n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb dhe n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb atij t\u00eb pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb. Ai ishte nj\u00eb murg n\u00eb manastirin e Sh\u00ebn Sergjit. Ai ishte pasues artistik i ikonografit Theofan Grekut dhe punoi s\u00eb bashku me mikun e tij, Daniel Korni. Vepra m\u00eb e famshme e Rublevit \u00ebsht\u00eb ikona e Sh\u00ebn Trinis\u00eb, pikturuar p\u00ebr manastirin Trini-Sh\u00ebn Sergji, Tre Engj\u00ebjt q\u00eb erdh\u00ebn tek Abrahami n\u00eb Dhiat\u00ebn e Vjet\u00ebr jan\u00eb pikturuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb harmoni t\u00eb p\u00ebrsosur ngjyrash dhe linjash. Gjat\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs periudh\u00eb pati nj\u00eb rilindje t\u00eb artit kishtar n\u00eb perandorin\u00eb bizantine, me shum\u00eb afreske dhe mozaik\u00eb q\u00eb na vijn\u00eb nga kjo periudh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Serb\u00ebt dhe Bullgar\u00ebt<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0 Serb\u00ebt po g\u00ebzonin nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb lul\u00ebzimi t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb tyre n\u00ebn sundimin e Stefan Dushanit. Kisha Serbe u b\u00eb patriarkan\u00eb n\u00eb 1346. Po ashtu, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, Sh\u00ebn Klementi i Ohrit (v. 1375) jetoi dhe punoi nd\u00ebr bullgar\u00ebt, duke qen\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs i ndri\u00e7imit komb\u00ebtar. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, u themelua manastiri bullgar i Zografit n\u00eb Malin Athos.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zhvillimi Liturgjik<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Liturgjikisht, shekulli i kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb e tregon rregullin e adhurimit n\u00eb Kish\u00eb, pothuaj t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe sot. Komentari mbi Liturgjin\u00eb Hyjnore u shkrua nga Nikolla Kabasila. Ai shkroi, gjithashtu, nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr popullore t\u00eb quajtur Jeta n\u00eb Krishtin, e cila\u00a0 jep nj\u00eb shpjegim simbolik t\u00eb liturgjis\u00eb, duke treguar detaje rituale t\u00eb cilat mbeten akoma sot n\u00eb praktikat e Kish\u00ebs. P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb prothesis (proskomidhia ose p\u00ebrgatitja e blat\u00ebs), si nj\u00eb rit i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb q\u00eb paraprin Liturgjin\u00eb e Fjal\u00ebs, u vendos n\u00eb librat liturgjik\u00eb. Komentar\u00ebt liturgjik\u00eb t\u00eb Simeonit t\u00eb Selanikut (v. 1420) q\u00eb japin nj\u00eb informacion t\u00eb detajuar rreth adhurimit kishtar vijn\u00eb nga kjo periudh\u00eb. Nj\u00eb sh\u00ebnim interesant n\u00eb shkrimet e Simeonit tregon se n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb Eukaristia e Shenjt\u00eb po i jepej akoma t\u00eb krishter\u00ebve orthodhoks\u00eb n\u00eb misterin e Martes\u00ebs dhe \u201ckupa e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt\u201d e bekuar i jepej vet\u00ebm atyre q\u00eb nuk u lejohej t\u00eb merrnin kungat\u00ebn e Shenjt\u00eb n\u00eb Kish\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Per\u00ebndimi n\u00eb shekullin e kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb pa \u201crob\u00ebrin\u00eb babilonase\u201d t\u00eb pap\u00ebve roman\u00eb n\u00eb Avinjon (1303-1378) dhe \u201cskizm\u00ebn e madhe\u201d brenda Kish\u00ebs s\u00eb Per\u00ebndimit nd\u00ebrmjet pretenduesve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb fronit papal. Katerina e Sien\u00ebs jetoi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb, po ashtu edhe Xhon Uiklif (John Wycliffe), pararend\u00ebsi i reform\u00ebs n\u00eb Angli dhe shkruesit mistik\u00eb anglez\u00eb Uollter Hilton (Walter Hilton) dhe Xhuliana e Norui\u00e7it (Juliana of Norwich). Fundi i shekullit t\u00eb kat\u00ebrmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb dhe fillimi i shekullit t\u00eb pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb d\u00ebshmoi zhvillimin e V\u00ebllez\u00ebrve t\u00eb Jet\u00ebs s\u00eb P\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt n\u00eb Vendet e Ulta. P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesi m\u00eb i shquar i k\u00ebsaj l\u00ebvizje ishte Thomas a Kempis, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb autori i librit t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm Imitimi i Krishtit. Shkrimi i Komedis\u00eb Hyjnore nga Dante Aligeri (v. 1321) dhe pikturimi i Xhiotos (Giotto v. 1337) ishin gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe t\u00eb historis\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Kisha Orthodhokse<\/a><\/span><\/span>2020-05-07T21:29:08+02:00<\/span>

Vitet 1950-1979<\/a><\/h4><\/div><\/article><\/section><\/div>
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